Bharat Ratna is India’s highest civilian award, instituted to recognise exceptional service of the highest order to the nation.
Basic Facts
- Instituted: 1954
- Category: Civilian honour (not a title)
- First Recipients (1954): C. Rajagopalachari, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Dr. C.V. Raman
- Awarding Authority: President of India
- Recommendation: Prime Minister to the President (no formal committee)
Purpose and Scope
The award is given for outstanding contributions in any field of human endeavour, including:
- Art and literature
- Science and engineering
- Public service
- Social reform
- Sports
- Politics and statesmanship
There is no posthumous restriction (posthumous awards allowed since 1966).
Eligibility and Rules
- Open to Indian and non-Indian citizens.
- Not restricted by profession or domain.
- Normally, maximum 3 awards per year (not a statutory limit; convention-based).
- Does not confer any title, in line with Article 18(1) of the Constitution.
- Recipients cannot use “Bharat Ratna” as a prefix or suffix to their names.
Design of the Award
- Peepal-leaf shaped bronze medallion.
- Inscription: “Bharat Ratna” in Devanagari.
- Sunburst design on the reverse side.
- Worn around the neck with a white ribbon.
Constitutional Position
- Classified as a civilian honour, not a title.
- Supreme Court (1995) clarified that national awards do not violate Article 18 as long as they are not used as titles.
Suspension and Revival
- 1977–1980: Suspended during the Janata Party government.
- 1980: Revived after return of Congress government.
Significance
- Symbolises the highest national recognition for service to India.
- Reflects the idea of civilisational gratitude, beyond electoral or institutional boundaries.
- Often used to honour contributions with long-term national impact, not momentary achievements.
