PRELIMS मतलब MAD

Answer: B

Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct. Under the Mughal system, vakils represented the interests of rulers or nobles at the imperial court. The British Residency system was different because Residents increasingly became instruments through which the Company exercised influence and control over Indian princely states.

Statement 2 is correct. Company representatives were initially placed at Indian courts mainly to protect commercial interests. As the East India Company transformed from a trading corporation into a political power, these agents increasingly became Residents managing political relations.

Over time, Residents became central to British indirect rule and often exercised considerable influence over Indian princes.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct. Jute cultivation expanded as peasants attempted to increase their earnings through the cultivation of the commercially valuable “golden crop.”

Statement 2 is incorrect. The cultivators themselves did not receive the major share of gains during the jute boom of 1906–1913. A substantial share of profits was captured by British manufacturers and exporters.

Statement 3 is correct. The jute economy experienced a serious downturn during the 1930s, followed by the devastating Bengal famine of 1943.

Answer: B

Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect. The railway network was developed largely to meet imperial economic and strategic objectives, including movement of troops and facilitating British trade.

Statement 2 is correct. British railway investments were protected through a guaranteed return of around 5%, while Indian revenues effectively bore the associated risks.

Statement 3 is correct. Railway lines were planned substantially to connect raw-material-producing areas and inland markets with ports, rather than primarily creating strong links between internal Indian commercial centres.

Answer: A

Explanation:
Statement 1 is incorrect. Commercialisation did not immediately create a dominant rural capitalist class or result in widespread transformation of peasants into agricultural labourers.

Statement 2 is correct. Richer peasants could benefit from commercial crops, but they remained vulnerable to changing market prices. The experience of cotton cultivators during the American Civil War illustrates this dependence.

Statement 3 is incorrect. Although there was no simple direct relationship between commercialisation and every famine, the replacement of food crops by cash crops in some regions could contribute to local food shortages.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Statement 1 is correct. Indigenous merchants and capitalists frequently operated in sectors where European investors found returns inadequate or risks excessive.

Statement 2 is correct. Indian commercial and financial networks extended beyond India into regions including China, Burma and East Africa.

Statement 3 is incorrect. The bazaar economy was not independent of colonial infrastructure. Indigenous merchants made use of facilities such as railways and telegraphs created during British rule.