Answer : D

Explanation : Option D rightly describes judicial activism as the expansive use of judicial review to safeguard individual rights, challenge executive actions, and fill legislative gaps. It involves proactive judicial intervention, protecting fundamental rights, holding the executive branch accountable, and addressing legislative shortcomings. Hence, Option D is the correct answer.

Option A and c, both are related to Judicial restraint. Judicial restraint is a legal philosophy that emphasizes limiting judicial power and deference to the legislative and executive branches. It advocates for a narrow interpretation of laws and the constitution, and discourages judges from imposing their personal values or policy preferences. The goal of judicial restraint is to prevent judicial overreach, respect democratic governance, and ensure accountability.

Option B captures just a partial aspect of judicial activism. It just focuses on societal justice, however judicial activism is more than that. For example, SC struck down the 99th Amendment Act for maintaining independence of the judiciary. This is judicial activism. Which is quite broad and comprehensive. Hence, more than B, option D is the correct answer.

Answer : C

Explanation : The Governor is neither directly elected by the people nor indirectly elected by a specially constituted electoral college as is the case with the President. He is appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal. In a way, he is a nominee of the Central government. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.

The oath of office to the Governor is administered by the Chief Justice of the concerned State High Court and in his absence, the senior-most judge of that court available. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct

Under his legislative powers, He decides on the disqualification of State Legislature in consultation with the election Commission. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.

Therefore, Option C is the correct answer.

Answer : B

Explanation : The Money bill can be introduced only on the recommendation of Governor. It can be introduced only in the legislative assembly and not in the legislative council. Hence, Statements 1 is incorrect.

Statements 2 is correct as The Constitution doesn’t provide for the mechanism of joint sitting of the two houses of the state legislature to resolve a deadlock between them over the passage of a bill.

Answer : D

Explanation : The Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 has been enacted to provide for the establishment of the Gram Nyayalayas at the grass roots level for the purposes of providing access to justice to the citizens at their doorsteps and to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen due to social, economic or other disabilities. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.

The Gram nyayalayas shall be a mobile court and shall exercises the powers both criminal and civil courts. Hence, Statement 2 is also correct.

The Gram nyayalayas shall not be bound by the rules of evidence provided in the Indian evidence act, 1872 but shall be guided by the principles of natural justice and subject to any rule made by High Court. Hence, Statement 3 is also correct. Therefore, Answer is D.

Answer : D

Explanation : The following are the compulsory provisions for Panchayati Raj Institutions:

1. Organisation of a Gram Sabha in a village or group of villages.

2. Establishment of panchayats at the village, intermediate, and district levels.

3. Direct elections to all seats in panchayats at the village, intermediate, and district levels.

4. Indirect elections to the post of chairperson of panchayats at the intermediate and district levels.

5. Voting rights for the chairperson and other members of a panchayat elected directly or indirectly.

6. A minimum age of 21 years for contesting elections to panchayats.

7. Reservation of seats for SCs and STs in panchayats at all three levels.

8. Reservation of one-third seats for women in panchayats at all three levels.

9. A five-year tenure for panchayats at all levels, with fresh elections within six months in the event of supersession.

10. Establishment of a State Election Commission for conducting elections to the panchayats.

11. Constitution of a State Finance Commission every five years to review the financial position of the panchayats.

The following are the voluntary provisions for Panchayati Raj Institutions:

1. Endowing the Gram Sabha with powers and functions at the village level.

2. Determining the manner of election of the chairperson of the village panchayat.

3. Giving representation to the chairpersons of village panchayats in intermediate panchayats or district panchayats.

4. Giving representation to the chairpersons of intermediate panchayats in district panchayats.

5. Providing representation to members of Parliament and the state legislature in panchayats at different levels within their constituencies.

6. Reserving seats for backward classes in panchayats at any level.

7. Granting powers and authority to panchayats to enable them to function as institutions of self-government.

8. Devolving powers and responsibilities upon panchayats to prepare plans for economic development and social justice.

9. Granting financial powers to panchayats, including the authority to levy, collect, and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls, and fees.

10. Assigning taxes, duties, tolls, and fees levied and collected by the state government to panchayats.

11. Providing grants-in-aid to panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the state.

Constituting funds for crediting all moneys of the panchayats.