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Answer- (a)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: The later Vedic texts show a wider knowledge of Indian geography than was found in the Rig Veda. They mention the ‘two seas’ the Arabian and the Indian Ocean. 
• Statement 2 is correct: Brahmanas emerged supreme and overtook the kshatriyas in the caste hierarchy. They were responsible for investing divinity to the king. They claimed political and social privileges. They were exempted from punishments and taxation. 
• Statement 3 is not correct: Marriage between the members of the same gotra was not permitted.

Additional information: Women lost their political rights of attending assemblies. Child marriages also came into vogue. Restrictions were placed on inter dining between classes. Vedic social system transformed from a class divided tribal society into a Varna divided society.

Answer- (d)

Explanation:

• Pair 1 is not correct: Bhagaluga refers to the collector of taxes whereas sangrahitri refers to the treasurer.
• Pair 2 is not correct: Mahishi refers to the Chief-Queen.

Pair 3 is not correct: Suta refers to the Chronicler. They are the officers appointed during the later vedic period.

Answer- (a)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is correct: The Priests were another important class of people in the society. Among the Hindus, they were the Brahmans and Ulemas among the Muslims. They were given grants of tax-free land for their maintenance and were often very powerful.
• Statement 2 is correct: The caste system was very rigid among the peasants. 
  • The caste-system of the Hindus affected the Muslims, especially the Indian Muslims. They continued to maintain divisions among themselves on the basis of their previous castes. Thus, both the foreign and Indian Muslims were divided among themselves on the basis of their different nationalities and birth.
  • Statement 3 is not correct: Intercaste marriages and intercaste dining was totally prohibited. But exchange of ideas did take place on a large scale. Those who converted themselves to Islam did not forget their old customs. Thus, exchange of ideas and customs took place.

Answer- (b)

Explanation:

• Statement 1 is not correct: The slave system was prevalent among the Muslims and the Hindus and slaves were sold and purchased in the open market.
• Statement 2 is correct: The slaves were treated well though their property and lives were the property of their masters. 
  • The slaves of the Muslims were better off as compared to the slaves of the Hindus.
• Additional information: The Sultans and nobles kept slaves in huge numbers, provided education and gave them training and opportunity to rise in their lives so that many of them rose to the position of prominence in the state.

The correct answer is (b) 2 and 3 only.

Analysis of Pairs

1. Aurang - In-charge of treasury of the State
   • Incorrect.
     • The term "Aurang" refers to a workshop or mint (e.g., coin minting facility) in Mughal India, not the treasury. The treasury was managed by officials like the Diwan or Khazanadar.
2. Banian- Indian agent of the East India Company
   • Correct.
     • Banians acted as intermediaries, brokers, and financial agents for the East India Company, facilitating trade and administrative operations. They were pivotal in connecting British officials with local markets and communities.
3. Mirasidar- Designated revenue payer to the State
   • Correct.
     • Mirasidars were hereditary landholders in South India (particularly Tamil regions) responsible for revenue payment under systems like the Ryotwari Settlement. They held co-parcenary rights to land.

Additional Info:

List of key administrative designations and roles from British India, categorized by their functions and hierarchies:

Central/Provincial Administration

• Governor-General/Viceroy:

1. 1. • Head of British administration in India (post-1858).
      • Controlled foreign policy, defense, and provincial governance.

• Lieutenant-Governor:

1. 1. • Administered major provinces like Bengal, Punjab, and the North-Western Provinces.

• Chief Commissioner:

1. 1. • Oversaw non-regulation provinces (e.g., Central Provinces, Assam).

• District Collector:

1. 1. • Key role in the Indian Civil Service (ICS), responsible for revenue collection, law and order, and district administration.

• Resident:

1. • Political agent in princely states, ensuring compliance with British policies.

Revenue/Finance

• Zamindar:

1. 1. • Landlords under the Permanent Settlement (1793), collected rent from peasants and paid fixed revenue to the British.

• Ryot:

1. 1. • Peasant cultivators under the Ryotwari System (Madras, Bombay), paid taxes directly to the British.

• Mirasidar:

1. 1. • Hereditary landholders in South India, paid revenue under the Ryotwari System.

• Tahsildar:

1. 1. • Revenue officer at the tehsil (sub-district) level, assisted the Collector.

• Patwari:

1. 1. • Village accountant responsible for maintaining land records and revenue details.

• Qanungo:

1. • Record-keeper at the district level, verified land titles and tax assessments.

Local Administration

• Banian:

1. 1. • Indian intermediaries/brokers who facilitated trade and administration for the East India Company.

• Village Headman (Lambardar):

1. 1. • Collected revenue under the Mahalwari System (North-Western Provinces, Punjab).

• Panchayat:

1. • Traditional village council with limited powers under British supervision.

Judicial Roles

• Sadar Amin:

1. 1. • Senior Indian judge in district courts, handled civil cases.

• Munsiff:

1. 1. • Lower-court judge dealing with minor civil disputes.

• Daroga:

1. • Police official in charge of a thana (police station).

Military/Police

• Subedar:

1. 1. • Senior Indian officer in the British Indian Army.

• Kotwal:

1. 1. • Urban police chief responsible for law and order in cities.

• Faujdar:

1. • Mughal-era military officer retained by the British for regional security.