Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

• AMR occurs when microbes evolve and stop responding to medicines that once worked.
• This leads to superbugs that make common infections difficult or impossible to treat.
• It threatens modern medicine by increasing risks in surgeries, childbirth, chemotherapy and ICU care.
• AMR spreads across humans, animals, food systems and the environment, making it a One Health challenge.

Major Factors Driving AMR in India

Clinical Misuse in Human Health

• Over-prescription of antibiotics for viral illnesses due to lack of rapid diagnostics.
• Easy over-the-counter access despite Schedule H1 restrictions.
• Self-medication and incomplete antibiotic courses are widespread.
• High use of broad-spectrum “Watch” antibiotics increases evolutionary pressure on bacteria.

Antibiotic Overuse in Livestock and Aquaculture

• Routine use of antibiotics like Colistin as growth promoters in poultry and fish farming.
• Resistant bacteria from animal guts enter humans through meat, eggs and seafood.
• India is among the highest consumers of veterinary antibiotics globally.

Environmental and Pharmaceutical Pollution

• Discharge of antibiotic residues from drug factories into rivers and groundwater.
• Contaminated water bodies become breeding grounds for superbugs.
• Agricultural run-off containing antibiotics further spreads resistance into soil and crops.

Irrational Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDCs)

• Market flooding of unscientific “cocktail antibiotics” with no therapeutic justification.
• Sub-therapeutic combinations accelerate resistance by exposing microbes to weak doses.

Sanitation Gaps and Weak Surveillance

• Untreated sewage allows resistant bacteria to circulate freely in water systems.
• Surveillance is limited to tertiary hospitals, missing rural and primary-care data.
• Lack of affordable diagnostic tools forces doctors to prescribe antibiotics blindly.

Key Threats Posed by AMR

Economic and Trade Risks

• Shrimp and poultry exports face rejection due to antibiotic residues.
• Treatment of resistant infections increases hospital stays, costs and OOPE.
• AMR threatens workforce productivity and may dent India’s demographic dividend.

Public Health and Clinical Risks

• Routine procedures like C-sections or joint replacements become dangerous.
• Rising neonatal deaths due to resistant sepsis undermine national IMR targets.
• MDR-TB and hospital-acquired infections are becoming harder to treat.

Environmental and Agricultural Risks

• Superbugs in rivers and soil re-enter human systems through crops and drinking water.
• Persistent contamination creates a continuous cycle of resistance in ecosystems.

Government Measures to Combat AMR

Policies and National Frameworks

• National Action Plan on AMR 2.0 focuses on One Health surveillance and stewardship.
• Delhi Declaration and Chennai Declaration consolidate multisectoral cooperation.
• Fixed-Dose Combination ban (2024) removes irrational antibiotic cocktails from the market.

Regulatory and Legal Controls

• Schedule H1 strengthens restrictions on antibiotic sales and mandates tracking registers.
• Ban on Colistin in animal feed protects effectiveness of last-resort medicines.
• Red Line Campaign marks antibiotic packs to discourage non-prescription use.

Surveillance and Diagnostic Efforts

• ICMR’s AMR Surveillance Network collects hospital data nationwide.
• States like Kerala run PROUD/AMRITH programmes integrating community awareness, diagnostics and stewardship.

Strategies Needed for Effective AMR Control

Strengthening Diagnostics and Stewardship

• Create Hub-and-Spoke diagnostic models linking PHCs with central microbiology labs.
• Expand low-cost rapid diagnostic kits to differentiate bacterial from viral infections.

Environmental and Pharmaceutical Regulation

• Introduce “Green Pharma” procurement giving preference to zero-liquid-discharge manufacturers.
• Regulate effluent discharge to prevent antibiotic leakage into water bodies.

Agricultural and Food-Chain Reforms

• Implement blockchain-based traceability from feed mills to retail to certify antibiotic-free meat.
• Subsidise livestock vaccines to reduce dependency on routine antibiotics.

Community Behaviour and Public Awareness

• Launch structured behavioural campaigns to end “pill-popping culture.”
• Introduce distinct colour-coded envelopes for antibiotics to ensure full-course adherence and discourage casual reuse.

One Health Surveillance and Data Integration

• Build a unified national dashboard integrating human, animal and environmental AMR data.
• Use AI-based hotspot mapping to target outbreaks linked to farm or sewage contamination.