Constitutional Basis
The Gram Sabha is a foundational institution of local self-government in India.
- Defined under Article 243(b) of the Constitution of India.
- Introduced through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992.
- Forms the base of the Panchayati Raj system.
It consists of all persons registered in the electoral rolls of a village within the area of a Gram Panchayat.
Meaning and Composition
- It is a general body comprising all adult members (18 years and above) of a village.
- It is not an elected body; rather, it is a participatory assembly.
- It functions as a forum for direct democracy at the village level.
Functions
Approval of Plans and Budgets
- Approves annual plans, programmes, and budgets prepared by the Gram Panchayat.
- Identifies beneficiaries for government schemes.
Social Audit
- Reviews the functioning of the Gram Panchayat.
- Conducts social audits of welfare schemes and public expenditure.
Accountability Mechanism
- Ensures transparency in decision-making.
- Acts as a platform for grievance redressal.
Developmental Role
- Participates in preparation of village development plans.
- Promotes community participation in local governance.
Role in Scheduled Areas
Under the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA), the Gram Sabha has enhanced powers in Scheduled Areas:
- Mandatory consultation before land acquisition.
- Ownership of minor forest produce.
- Control over local resources and minor water bodies.
- Safeguards against land alienation of tribal communities.
It plays a central role in implementing the , particularly in verifying forest rights claims.
Significance
- Strengthens grassroots democracy.
- Ensures participatory governance.
- Promotes decentralization of power.
- Enhances transparency and accountability.
- Empowers rural and tribal communities.
Challenges
- Irregular meetings and low participation.
- Dominance of local elites in decision-making.
- Limited awareness among villagers about powers and rights.
- Administrative interference in certain cases.
Conclusion
The Gram Sabha represents the core of democratic decentralization in rural India. By enabling direct participation of citizens in governance, it strengthens accountability, local planning, and community empowerment. Its effectiveness depends on active participation, transparency, and adherence to constitutional principles of self-governance.
