Introduction
Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the Parliament of India. It represents the States and Union Territories and functions as a permanent chamber in India’s bicameral legislature.
It is also known as the Council of States.
Constitutional Basis
- Provided under Article 79 of the Constitution (Parliament consists of the President, Rajya Sabha, and Lok Sabha).
- Composition is governed by Article 80.
- Tenure provisions are under Article 83(1).
Composition
- Maximum strength: 250 members.
- 238 representatives of States and Union Territories.
- 12 nominated members by the President for special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art, and social service.
- Current effective strength: 245 members.
Members representing States are elected indirectly by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies through proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
Tenure
- Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and cannot be dissolved.
- One-third of its members retire every two years.
- Each member has a term of six years.
Presiding Officer
- The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Article 64).
- In the absence of the Chairman, the Deputy Chairman presides, who is elected by the members of the Rajya Sabha.
Powers and Functions
Legislative Powers
- Can introduce and pass ordinary bills.
- Must approve constitutional amendment bills.
- Participates in joint sittings under Article 108 in case of legislative deadlock (except for Money Bills and Constitutional Amendments).
Financial Powers
- Cannot introduce a Money Bill (Article 109).
- Can recommend amendments to a Money Bill within 14 days.
- Lok Sabha may accept or reject its recommendations.
Executive Oversight
- Can question ministers and hold the government accountable.
- Ministers can be from either House.
Special Powers
Under Article 249:
- Can authorize Parliament to legislate on a State List subject in the national interest by passing a resolution supported by two-thirds of members present and voting.
Under Article 312:
- Can authorize creation of new All India Services.
Role in Federal Structure
- Represents States in the Union legislative process.
- Acts as a forum for federal deliberation.
- Ensures that regional interests are considered in national legislation.
Significance
- Provides continuity in governance as it is not subject to dissolution.
- Offers experienced and specialized representation through nominated members.
- Serves as a revising chamber to scrutinize legislation passed by the Lok Sabha.
Limitations
- Limited powers in financial matters.
- In joint sittings, Lok Sabha’s numerical superiority prevails.
Conclusion
Rajya Sabha plays a crucial role in India’s parliamentary democracy by representing States, ensuring legislative review, and contributing to federal balance. As a permanent chamber, it provides stability and continuity in the legislative process while acting as a deliberative forum for national policy.
