Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) 

Origin 

  • The SCO is a permanent, intergovernmental Eurasian organisation founded in 2001 in Shanghai.
  • Grew out of the Shanghai Five (1996) – China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan.
  • SCO Charter adopted in 2002, in force from 2003.
  • Operates on principles of sovereign equality, non-alignment, non-interference, and consensus.

Membership and Institutional Structure

Full Members

China, Russia, India, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Belarus.

Permanent Bodies

  • SCO Secretariat – Beijing
  • Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) – Tashkent

Main Organs

  • Council of Heads of State
  • Council of Heads of Government
  • Council of Foreign Ministers
  • Meetings of National Security Advisers
  • SCO Business Council & Interbank Consortium (economic cooperation)

Objectives and Core Mandate

  • Strengthen regional peace, security, and stability.
  • Combat the “Three Evils”: terrorism, separatism, extremism.
  • Promote cooperation in:
    • Trade and investment
    • Transport and connectivity
    • Energy and minerals
    • Agriculture, health, environment
  • Encourage multipolarity and fair global governance.

Key Areas of Cooperation

Security

  • Joint military and counter-terrorism exercises.
  • Intelligence and information sharing via RATS.
  • Cooperation on border management.

Economic and Energy Cooperation

  • Infrastructure, regional value chains, and market integration.
  • Dialogue on oil, gas, and broader energy connectivity.

Connectivity Initiatives

  • Trans-Eurasian corridors.
  • Links to projects like INSTC (India’s priority).
  • India does not join BRI.

Cultural & People-to-People Cooperation

  • Academic, cultural, youth exchange programmes.
  • Sports, tourism, traditional medicine forums.

India’s Role and Interests in SCO

  • Became a full member in 2017 (along with Pakistan).
  • Uses SCO for:
    • Counter-terrorism cooperation and participation in RATS.
    • Advocating rules-based, sovereignty-respecting connectivity.
    • Energy dialogues with Central Asian states.
    • Expanding trade via INSTC and Chabahar-related discussions.
  • Supports SCO’s goals but maintains independent positions on specific China-linked initiatives.
About the UPSC Civil Services Examination (UPSC CSE)

The UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) is one of the most competitive and esteemed examinations in India, conducted by the Union Public Service Commission to recruit officers for services such as the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS), and others. The exam comprises three stages — Prelims, Mains, and the Personality Test (Interview) — designed to test a candidate’s knowledge, aptitude, decision-making, and leadership skills.


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