Overview
The Nilgiri Tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) is a mountain ungulate endemic to the Western Ghats, primarily found in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It is locally known as Varayaadu and is the state animal of Tamil Nadu.
Habitat and Distribution
- Inhabits montane grasslands and shola forests
- Found at elevations of 1,200 to 2,600 metres
- Prefers steep grassy slopes and rocky cliffs
Major populations:
- Eravikulam National Park (Kerala) – largest population
- Palani Hills
- Srivilliputtur region
- Meghamalai
- Agasthiyar Hills
Population Status
A recent joint census (Kerala + Tamil Nadu) recorded:
- Total: 2,668 individuals
- Kerala: 1,365
- Tamil Nadu: 1,303
This indicates a recovering but still vulnerable population.
Behaviour and Ecology
- Diurnal species (active during the day)
- Lives in small herds
- Average lifespan: 3–3.5 years (can reach up to ~9 years in ideal conditions)
Ecological Role:
- Acts as a key prey species for predators like tiger and leopard
- Indicator of healthy montane grassland ecosystems
- Coexists with endemic fauna such as:
- Nilgiri langur
- Lion-tailed macaque
Threats
- Habitat loss due to deforestation and development projects
- Expansion of monoculture plantations
- Livestock competition for grazing
- Poaching
- Local extinction in some regions (e.g., parts of Karnataka)
Conservation Status
- IUCN Red List: Endangered
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I (highest protection)
Significance
The Nilgiri Tahr is a flagship species of the Western Ghats high-altitude ecosystem. Its survival is directly linked to the conservation of fragile montane grasslands, which are among the most threatened ecosystems in India.
Conclusion
Despite signs of population recovery, the Nilgiri Tahr remains ecologically sensitive and conservation-dependent. Sustained protection of its habitat, along with landscape-level conservation in the Western Ghats, is critical for its long-term survival.
