Introduction
- The Narmada is one of the major rivers of peninsular India and one of the few large Indian rivers that flows westward into the Arabian Sea. It is a major west-flowing river of central India.
- The Narmada rises at Amarkantak in present-day Madhya Pradesh. Its upper reaches begin in the highland area near the Amarkantak plateau.
- The river finally drains into the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay) in Gujarat, near Bharuch.
- The Narmada has a total length of about 1,312 km from origin to outfall into the sea.
States through which it flows
- The Narmada flows mainly through Madhya Pradesh, then forms part of the boundary with Maharashtra, and finally enters Gujarat before reaching the sea. One standard description notes that it flows for about 1,079 km in Madhya Pradesh and then forms the Madhya Pradesh–Maharashtra boundary for about 35 km before continuing westward.
Basin area
- The Narmada basin covers about 98,796 sq km. Britannica’s standard reference gives the basin area as 38,145 square miles, which is about 98,796 square kilometres.
General direction of flow
- The river flows generally in a westward to southwesterly direction through a narrow and deep valley before entering the lower plains and then the Gulf of Khambhat.
Between which ranges does it flow
- The Narmada is famous for flowing in a rift-like valley between:
- the Vindhya Range to the north
- the Satpura Range to the south.
One CWC description specifically notes a gorge formed by the convergence of the Vindhyas from the north and the Satpuras from the south.
Special physiographic significance
- The Narmada valley is important in Indian geography because it forms a major west-flowing river corridor in central India and separates two important hill systems, the Vindhyas and Satpuras. This is why it is often treated as a major physiographic boundary in peninsular India.
Important waterfalls and features
- Important falls and geomorphic features along the Narmada include:
- Kapildhara Falls
- Dudhdhara Falls
- Dhuandhar Falls
- the Marble Rocks near Jabalpur.
- The CWC description notes that near Jabalpur the river drops at Dhuandhar Falls and then passes through the famous Marble Rocks gorge.
Important tributaries
- The river has many tributaries. Major tributaries mentioned in the CWC description include:
- Burhner
- Banjar
- Hiran
- Sher
- Shakkar
- Dudhi
- Tawa
- Ganjal
- Tendoni
- Barna
- Kolar
- Chhota Tawa
- Kundi
- Man
- Goi
- Uri
- Hatni
- Karjan
- Orsang.
Number of tributaries
- A CWC basin description states that the Narmada has 41 tributaries, of which 22 are on the left bank and 19 on the right bank, considering tributaries with catchment area above 500 sq km.
Major tributaries to remember
- Among the most important tributaries, the ones often highlighted are:
- Tawa
- Banjar
- Hiran
- Orsang
- Kundi
- Burhner.
Important towns/cities on the river
- Important places associated with the Narmada include:
- Mandla
- Jabalpur
- Maheshwar
- Bharuch.
Hydrological importance
- The Narmada basin is important for:
- irrigation
- hydropower
- water supply
- river valley development.
CWC basin material notes a number of proposed, ongoing, and completed major hydroelectric-cum-irrigation projects in the basin.
Why the Narmada is important in Indian geography
- The Narmada is important because:
- it is a major west-flowing peninsular river
- it flows through a structurally important valley
- it lies between the Vindhya and Satpura systems
- it has major irrigation and hydropower significance
- it is associated with striking landforms like Dhuandhar Falls and Marble Rocks.
Conclusion
- The Narmada River is one of India’s most important rivers because of its westward flow, major central Indian basin, structural valley setting, and hydrological significance. In geography, it is especially important as the river that flows between the Vindhyas and Satpuras and empties into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat.
