What is G7?

• G7 is an informal grouping of the world’s most advanced economies
• It functions as a coordination forum, not a treaty-based organisation
• Decisions are non-binding, based on consensus
• Annual summits are held on a rotational presidency basis

Members

• United States
• United Kingdom
• France
• Germany
• Italy
• Japan
• Canada

European Union

• Participates as a permanent non-member entity

Origin of G7

• Originated after the 1973 Oil Crisis and global economic instability
• First meeting held in 1975 with 6 countries (US, UK, France, West Germany, Japan, Italy)
• Canada joined in 1976, forming G7
• Russia joined in 1997 → G8
• Russia expelled in 2014 after Crimea annexation → reverted to G7

Significance of G7

Grouping of Advanced Economies

• Represents:
  • Around 44% of global nominal GDP
  • Around 30% of global GDP (PPP basis)
• Major influence on:
  • Global finance
  • Trade policies
  • Sanctions regimes

Platform for Global Issues

• International peace and security
• Climate change and energy transition
• Global health and pandemics
• Artificial Intelligence and emerging technologies
• Trade, supply chains, and economic resilience
• Development finance and humanitarian assistance

Norm-Setting Role

• Shapes global norms on:
  • Democracy and rule of law
  • Human rights
  • Rules-based international order
• Influences agendas of:
  • UN
  • IMF
  • World Bank
  • WTO

Crisis Coordination Forum

• Coordinates responses to:
  • Wars and geopolitical crises
  • Global financial shocks
  • Pandemics
  • Energy disruptions

Challenges Faced by G7

Declining Representativeness

• Earlier accounted for nearly two-thirds of global GDP
• Today:
  • Less than 50% of nominal GDP
  • About one-third on PPP basis
• Major emerging economies excluded:
  • India
  • China
  • Brazil
  • Indonesia
  • Mexico
  • Turkey

Implementation Gap

• Ambitious declarations but weak follow-through
• Slow progress on:
  • Climate finance
  • Fossil fuel phase-out
  • Development commitments

Historical Responsibility

• Accounts for nearly 59% of historical CO₂ emissions
• Still emits:
  • Nearly twice the emissions of Africa
• Climate leadership questioned

Internal Divisions

• Divergent national interests on:
  • China policy
  • Trade
  • Energy security
  • Middle East conflicts
• Rise of populism and nationalism weakens unity

Competition from Other Forums

• G20 now the primary platform for global economic governance
• Multiplication of minilateral forums reduces G7 centrality

India and the G7

Significance of India’s Association

• India is one of the fastest-growing major economies
• India’s GDP larger than:
  • France
  • Italy
  • UK
  • Canada
  • Japan (recently)
• Strategic importance in:
  • Indo-Pacific security
  • Supply chain diversification
  • Global South leadership

Key Areas of Engagement

• Supply chain resilience
• Clean energy and climate action
• Digital public infrastructure
• AI governance
• Global health and food security

Voice of Global South

• India bridges gap between:
  • Developed economies
  • Developing nations
• Raises issues of:
  • Climate finance
  • Technology transfer
  • Development equity

Challenges in India–G7 Engagement

• India is not a permanent G7 member
• Participation limited to outreach sessions
• Differences on:
  • Climate responsibility
  • Energy transition pace
  • Russia-Ukraine conflict
• Bilateral tensions with some members (e.g., Canada)
• Perceived double standards on terrorism

Way Forward

• Deepen India–G7 economic cooperation
• Strengthen strategic and defence partnerships
• Collaborate on AI, cybersecurity, clean tech
• Push for inclusive global governance reforms
• Gradually advocate a G7+ or expanded framework.