Latest Development Evolution of Bilateral Relations Defence and Security Cooperation Technology and Emerging Domains Trade and Economic Cooperation Agriculture and Water Management Regional and Strategic Convergence Strategic Significance The India–Israel Special Strategic Partnership represents a mature and broad-based relationship built on defence, innovation, agriculture, technology and shared security interests.

Meaning Critical minerals are minerals that are: In simple terms, a mineral becomes “critical” when it is both economically important and vulnerable to supply disruption. Why Are They Important? Critical minerals are foundational to modern economies and the energy transition. They are crucial in: Key Examples India identified 30 critical minerals in 2023. Some major ones include: Globally, lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements and nickel are among the most strategically sensitive minerals. Characteristics of Critical Minerals For example, rare earth elements are heavily concentrated in a few countries, making supply chains vulnerable to geopolitical tensions. Role in Energy Transition Critical minerals are indispensable for: Without secure access to these minerals, countries cannot scale renewable energy or electric mobility. Strategic Concerns Supply chain disruptions can directly affect clean energy targets, industrial production and defence preparedness. India’s Approach India has: Conclusion Critical minerals are the backbone of the green transition, digital economy and national security architecture. Ensuring their secure, diversified and sustainable supply is now a strategic priority for major economies, including India.

Overview Objectives Key Components Domestic Exploration and Production Overseas Asset Acquisition Processing and Recycling Research and Technology Human Resource Development Financial and Regulatory Support Meaning of Critical Minerals Strategic Importance Clean Energy Transition Electric Mobility National Security Link with Climate Goals Conclusion The National Critical Mineral Mission represents a strategic shift toward securing mineral resources essential for clean energy, industrial growth and national security. By strengthening domestic production, promoting recycling and expanding global partnerships, India aims to build a resilient and future-ready critical mineral ecosystem.

Meaning Gross Value Added is the measure of value created by a sector, industry or economy in a given period. In simple terms, GVA shows how much value producers actually add to the economy. Formula GVA = Value of Output – Value of Intermediate Consumption Relationship between GVA and GDP GDP = GVA + Taxes on Products – Subsidies on Products Sectoral Classification in India GVA is generally divided into three major sectors: Sectoral GVA helps identify which part of the economy is driving growth. Importance Why GVA is Important in India Limitations Conclusion Gross Value Added is a key macroeconomic indicator that reflects the real contribution of various sectors to the economy. While GDP measures total economic output at market prices, GVA provides deeper insight into the production side of economic growth.

Meaning Gross Domestic Product is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a country’s geographical boundaries during a specific period, usually one year or one quarter. Key Features Methods of Calculation Production or Value Added Method Income Method Expenditure Method Types of GDP Nominal GDP Real GDP GDP at Market Price GDP at Factor Cost GDP Growth Rate Importance of GDP Limitations GDP vs GNP Conclusion GDP is the most widely used indicator of economic performance. While it effectively measures economic output, it does not fully capture welfare, sustainability or inequality. Hence, it must be complemented with indicators such as per capita income, Human Development Index and environmental measures.

Introduction Goods and Services Tax is a comprehensive indirect tax on the supply of goods and services for domestic consumption. GST replaced multiple central and state indirect taxes and created a unified tax structure. Main Features Applicable on Supply Destination-Based Taxation Dual GST Structure Rate Structure Integrated Treatment of Imports Legislative Basis Constitutional Amendment Key Constitutional Provisions GST Council Reforms Brought by GST Advantages For Government For Economy For Trade and Industry For Consumers For States Exemptions Challenges Conclusion GST represents a structural reform aimed at integrating India into a single indirect tax regime. It promotes formalisation, transparency and efficiency. However, its long-term success depends on stable revenue sharing, administrative capacity and cooperative federalism.

Overview The Durand Line is the 2,640-kilometre boundary separating Pakistan and Afghanistan. Historical Background Legal and Political Status Ethnic and Strategic Dimensions Security Implications Contemporary Relevance Strategic Importance The Durand Line is not merely a colonial-era boundary; it remains a politically sensitive and strategically significant frontier influencing security, diplomacy and ethnic dynamics in the Afghanistan–Pakistan region.

Overview Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), also known as the Pakistani Taliban, is a militant Islamist organisation operating primarily in Pakistan’s north-western regions along the Afghanistan border. Formation and Background Ideology and Objectives Areas of Operation Major Activities Relationship with Afghan Taliban Impact on Pakistan Regional Significance Current Concerns Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan remains one of the most significant militant threats to Pakistan’s internal security and continues to shape the security landscape of the Afghanistan–Pakistan border region.

Overview Functions Powers Decision-Making Sessions Committees The UNGA operates through six main committees: Significance The United Nations General Assembly remains central to multilateral diplomacy and global governance, shaping international consensus on major global challenges.

Overview Composition Jurisdiction The ICJ has jurisdiction in two main categories: Contentious Cases Advisory Opinions Advisory opinions are not binding but carry significant legal weight. Sources of Law Applied The ICJ applies international law derived from: Procedure Enforcement Difference from International Criminal Court Significance The International Court of Justice remains a central pillar of the international legal order and a key mechanism for resolving interstate disputes peacefully.