Overview Why NIA Was Created Core Objectives and Functions Statutory Provisions Under NIA Act, 2008 Investigation of Scheduled Offences Power to Investigate Connected Offences State Assistance Mandate Sanction Requirements in Some Laws Prosecution Process Scheduled Offences Under NIA Act (Examples Mentioned) Institutional Framework National Investigation Agency Special Courts Difference Between NIA and CBI NIA CBI Steps Taken to Strengthen NIA (Since 2019) National Investigation Agency (Amendment) Act, 2019 Expanded Scheduled Offences Expanded Jurisdiction Special Courts Changes Challenges and Suggested Measures Domain Expertise Gap Cross-Border Investigation Limitations Federalism Concerns Overlapping Jurisdiction With Other Agencies Tech and Infrastructure Upgradation

Overview Background and Evolution Institutional Framework Agencies with Access to NATGRID Operational Mechanism Nature of Data Integrated Role of Technology Significance Concerns and Challenges

Legal and Administrative Background Key Features of NPR Data Collected under NPR Significance of National Population Register NPR, Census and NRC Relationship NPR Process Major Challenges Associated with NPR Way Forward

Constitutional Framework (73rd Amendment Act, 1992) Composition, Elections & Reservation Powers, Functions & Finances Challenges Faced by PRIs Strengthening PRIs – Key Recommendations Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2nd ARC) Additional Reforms

Overview Administrative Status Headquarters and Presence Primary Function Core Functions and Activities Role in Kimberley Process Kimberley Process Key Facts Rough Diamonds Strategic Importance of GJEPC

• Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) is a central ministry of the Government of India • Responsible for policy formulation, regulation, and development of civil aviation in India• Oversees airports, airlines, air navigation services, and aviation safety • Plays a key role in expanding air connectivity, infrastructure, and affordability Historical Background • Established in 1946, prior to India’s independence• Initially focused on airport development and creation of a national carrier, later becoming Air India • Over time, evolved as the nodal authority shaping India’s aviation ecosystem through policy and regulation Core Functions and Responsibilities • Policy formulation for civil aviation growth and regulation• Regulation of aviation operations, including airlines, airports, and air traffic services• Development and modernization of airport infrastructure across India• Promotion of regional and domestic air connectivity • Ensuring safety and security of civil aviation in line with international standards• Representation of India in global aviation forums • Negotiation of bilateral air service agreements with foreign countries Organisational Structure • Headed by a Cabinet Minister, assisted by a Minister of State • Administrative leadership rests with the Secretary, Civil Aviation • Supported by Additional Secretaries, Joint Secretaries, and technical officials Attached and Subordinate Bodies • Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) for aviation safety regulation• Airports Authority of India (AAI) for airport development and air navigation services• Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) for aviation security• Airports Economic Regulatory Authority (AERA) for tariff regulation• Air India Group of Companies under government oversight Major Initiatives and Reforms • Regional Connectivity Scheme – UDAN, aimed at affordable air travel and regional inclusion• Greenfield airport development, including Navi Mumbai and Jewar International Airport • Airport privatisation, notably Delhi and Mumbai airports, to improve efficiency and investment• Liberalisation of the aviation sector, including relaxed FDI norms • DigiYatra Initiative, enabling contactless air travel using facial recognition technology Impact on Indian Aviation Sector • Significant expansion of domestic and international air passenger traffic • Improved regional connectivity and access to air travel for smaller cities• Modernisation of airport infrastructure and passenger services • Enhanced safety, security, and global integration of Indian aviation Key Challenges • Infrastructure stress due to rapid passenger growth• Balancing interests of airlines, airports, and passengers • Ensuring aviation safety and regulatory compliance amid sector expansion Way Forward and Vision • Focus on innovation, sustainability, and inclusivity • Strengthening regional air connectivity and last-mile access• Promoting green aviation and efficient airspace management• Positioning India as a global aviation hub in the coming decades

Overview Early Life and Education Political Journey Tenure as Prime Minister Major Policies and Reforms National Security and Strategic Decisions Foreign Policy and Diplomacy Social and Cultural Vision Literary Contributions Awards and Honours Challenges During Tenure Legacy and Relevance Conclusion