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26 Nov, 2025

Assam Polygamy Ban: Key Highlights for UPSC Current Affairs 2025

November 26, 2025
Sourse: The Hindu, Tags: , ,

Assam Prohibition of Polygamy Bill, 2025 seeks to criminalise polygamy to protect women and curb fraudulent marriages.

Core Provisions
 • Criminal offence: Second marriage during subsistence of first.
• Penalty:
• Up to 7 years jail + ₹1 lakh fine (general offence).
• Up to 10 years for hiding an existing marriage.
• Up to ₹1.5 lakh fine for priests/qazis who knowingly solemnise such marriages.
• Abetment liability: Parents/guardians delaying or hiding information punishable.
• Jurisdiction extended to Assam residents even if marriage occurs outside the State.

Exemptions
 • Scheduled Tribes under Article 342.
• Sixth Schedule areas (due to customary marital practices).

Rationale
 • To protect women, reduce marital exploitation, and standardise personal law practices for social order.

POSH Act 2013 Needs Stronger Implementation: Governance Current Affairs for UPSC

November 26, 2025
Sourse: The Hindu, Tags: , ,

Context
 Chandigarh case shows POSH Act works rarely; highlights low conviction, procedural gaps, and power imbalance in campuses.

Key Issues in POSH Act
 • Consent ≠ informed consent → law ignores manipulation, emotional coercion, power imbalance.
• 3-month filing limit unrealistic; trauma delays reporting.
• Terminology (“respondent”) softens seriousness.
• Burden of proof on woman; law ignores behavioural patterns & circumstantial evidence.
• No mechanism for inter-institutional complaints (common in academia).
• Fear of “malicious complaint” clause retraumatises victims.

Digital Age Gaps
 • Harassment now via disappearing messages, encrypted chats.
• ICCs lack training; no standard protocol for digital evidence.
• Risk: tech loopholes allow offenders to escape.

What Needs Reform (2025)
 • Clearer definitions: informed consent, emotional & digital abuse.
• Extend complaint timelines.
• Accept behavioural & circumstantial evidence.
• Joint ICCs across institutions.
• Digital forensics training + national guidelines.
• Victim-centric processes to prevent re-trauma.

Mains Question (as in doc)
 “Despite being a landmark legislation, the POSH Act, 2013 struggles to deliver justice in educational institutions.”
Examine the conceptual and procedural gaps in the law and suggest reforms needed in the context of the digital age.
(10 marks)

China’s Global Lending Rise: 80% Nations Took Loans – UPSC Economy Current Affairs

November 26, 2025
Sourse: The Hindu, Tags: , ,

Core Context
China has emerged as a major global lender (2000–2023), giving loans to over 80% of the world’s countries, shifting from development lending to commercial and strategic lending linked to BRI.

Most Important Data
 • Total global lending (2000–2023): $2.7 trillion
• Share of state-owned banks/entities: 95% of all loans
• Projects financed: ~2,500 worldwide

Top Recipients
• U.S.: $203.9 billion (largest)
• Russia: $171.2 billion
• Australia: $72 billion
• Venezuela: $60 billion
• India: $11.1 billion

Nature of U.S. loans
 • 75% commercial, only 7% developmental

Shift in Lending Pattern
 • Share of loans to low-income countries dropped from 75% (early 2000s) to 25% (2023).
• China increasingly lends to middle- and high-income countries + BRI infrastructure.

Debt Relief
• 2023 debt relief: $5.7 billion

India’s Net FDI Turns Negative Again: Important UPSC Economy Update

November 26, 2025
Sourse: The Hindu, Tags: ,

Core Point
• Net FDI in September 2025 = –$2.4 billion, meaning more investment left India than entered for the second month in a row.

Key Data
• Gross FDI inflow (Sept 2025): $6.6 billion
• 4.3% higher than Sept 2024
• 9.1% higher than August 2025
• Outflows (Sept 2025): $9 billion

Due to
 • Profit repatriation by foreign companies
• Indian companies investing abroad
• FDI invested abroad by Indian companies:
• $3.8 billion (up 64.4% YoY)

Repatriation of profits by foreign companies
• $5.2 billion, slightly down by 0.2%
• Net FDI in August 2025: –$0.6 billion (also negative)

Toxic Air in 60% Indian Districts: Environment Issue for UPSC Prelims & Mains

November 26, 2025
Sourse: The Hindu, Tags: ,

Core Context
 • A study by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) shows that 60% of India’s districts (447 of 749) experience unsafe PM2.5 levels throughout the year, not just in winter.

Most Important Findings
 • Not a single district meets WHO PM2.5 guideline (5 µg/m³).
• 447 districts exceed India’s own NAAQS annual limit (40 µg/m³).
• Winter (Dec–Feb) worst season: 82% districts (616/749) breach standards.
• Monsoon (June–Sept) best season: 90% districts within safe limits.

Most Polluted Clusters
 • Delhi (11 districts) + Assam (11 districts) → nearly half of top 50 polluted districts.
• Other high-pollution clusters:
• Bihar & Haryana (7 each)
• Uttar Pradesh (4)
• Tripura (3)
• Rajasthan (2)
• West Bengal (2)

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