Introduction Birth and background Marriage and intellectual growth Pioneer of women’s education Work for girls and lower-caste education Social opposition faced by her Role in social reform Association with Satyashodhak Samaj Women’s rights perspective Literary contribution Importance in anti-caste history Death Legacy Recent relevance Conclusion Savitribai Phule was one of the foundational figures of modern India’s social reform tradition. Her importance lies in transforming education into a tool of liberation for women and oppressed communities, and in showing through her life that social change requires courage, persistence, and equality-based thinking.
Jyotiba Phule
Introduction Birth and background Education and intellectual influence Work with Savitribai Phule Educational reforms Social reform vision Anti-caste movement Meaning of Satyashodhak Samaj Views on caste Women’s rights Work for lower castes and labouring classes Major writings Gulamgiri Shetkaryacha Asud Religious and rational thought Title of “Mahatma” Death Legacy Recent relevance Key points to remember Conclusion
Article 85
Introduction Exact constitutional text Core constitutional idea Power to summon Parliament Six-month rule Meaning of session Meaning of prorogation Meaning of dissolution Difference between adjournment, prorogation and dissolution Why Article 85 is important Link with parliamentary democracy Relation with state legislatures Key points to remember Conclusion
Xenophobia
Introduction Core meaning Key features Difference from racism Causes Political relevance Social impact
Guru Granth Sahib
Introduction Compilation Final Guruship Nature of the scripture Language and composition Centrality in worship Ritual treatment Religious significance Connection with Guru Gobind Singh Difference from ordinary scriptures Importance in Sikh institutions Why it is important Conclusion
Jaagat Jyot Sri Guru Granth Sahib Satkar (Amendment) Bill, 2026
Introduction Why it was in the news State context Background Main objective Focus of the Bill Nature of punishment proposed Passage in Assembly Governor’s assent Religious significance Political significance Link with protests Debate and concerns Why this Bill matters Key points to remember Conclusion
India–U.S. Trade Issue
Introduction Why it is in the news Nature of the issue Tariff issue Current tariff negotiations U.S. complaints against India High import duties issue Agriculture issue Digital trade and regulatory issue Section 301 concern India’s position Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) Economic impact Broader significance Key issues to remember Conclusion
EFTA
Introduction Nature of the organisation Why it was created Relation with the European Union Main objectives Trade network India and EFTA India–EFTA TEPA significance Why EFTA matters in current affairs Difference between EFTA and EU Conclusion
Navayana Buddhism Movement
Introduction Why it emerged Main objective Conversion event The 22 vows Meaning of Navayana Core principles Difference from traditional Buddhism Link with Ambedkar’s thought Main text Social significance Geographic concentration Political significance Long-term legacy Conclusion
Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha
Introduction Meaning of the name Why it was formed Main objectives Motto Education-related work Social significance Political significance Relation with Ambedkar’s later organisations Role in Dalit awakening Organisational importance Duration and later transition Conclusion
