Context
China has proposed a domestic law to regulate its activities in Antarctica, signalling a shift from policy-based participation to formal legal control over Antarctic operations.
Antarctic Treaty System (ATS)
• Antarctic Treaty (1959): Governs Antarctica south of 60°S
• In force: 1961
• Participants: 56 countries
• Consultative Members: 29 (decision-making; includes India, China)
Core principles
• Peaceful use only
• Freedom of scientific research
• Ban on military activity and nuclear tests
• Territorial claims frozen (not abolished)
India in Antarctica
• Signatory since: 1983
• Research Stations:
• Dakshin Gangotri (1983) – Decommissioned
• Maitri (1989) – Active
• Bharati (2012) – Active
