Economics

Meaning Viability Gap Funding, or VGF, is financial support provided by the government to make an infrastructure or public-service project...

Meaning Horizontal Fiscal Imbalance refers to differences in the fiscal capacity and expenditure needs of governments at the same level...

Meaning A Cesses and Surcharges are additional taxes imposed over and above an existing tax liability. Although both increase the...

Meaning An exchange rate is the price of one country’s currency expressed in terms of another currency. For example, if:...

Meaning and Purpose Foreign exchange market intervention refers to action by a country’s central bank or monetary authority to influence...

Meaning and Scope Preventive healthcare refers to measures taken to prevent disease, detect health risks early and reduce the likelihood...

Meaning Out-of-Pocket Expenditure, or OOPE, refers to healthcare expenses paid directly by individuals or households from their own income or...

Meaning and Components Public health expenditure refers to spending by governments on healthcare services, public-health programmes and health-system infrastructure. It...

Meaning and Scope The upstream petroleum sector refers to the part of the oil and gas industry concerned with finding...

Meaning and Scope Deepwater exploration refers to the search for oil and natural gas reserves in offshore areas where the...