What is the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE)?

The UPSC CSE is India’s most prestigious exam conducted to recruit IAS, IPS, IFS, and other Group A & B officers. It has three stages: Prelims, Mains, and Interview.

Who is eligible to apply for UPSC CSE?

Any graduate between 21–32 years of age (with relaxation for reserved categories) can apply. Both final-year students and professionals are eligible.

How many attempts are allowed in UPSC?

General: 6 attempts (till 32 years); OBC(NCL): 9 attempts (till 35 years); SC/ST: Unlimited attempts (till 37 years).

What is the exam pattern of UPSC?

Prelims: Objective (GS & CSAT); Mains: 9 Descriptive Papers (Essay, 4 GS, 2 Optional, 2 Qualifying Language Papers); Interview/Personality Test: Final stage.

How should a beginner start UPSC preparation?

For self-learners: Start with NCERTs (Class 6–12), followed by standard reference books, daily newspaper reading, and consistent answer writing practice. Students associated with 'UnderStand UPSC': Follow the guidance provided by the team of mentors led by Satyam Jain Sir.

Which books are best for UPSC preparation?

Polity: Laxmikanth; History: Spectrum + NCERTs; Geography: NCERT + GC Leong; Economy: Ramesh Singh + Current Affairs; Environment: Majid Husain.

Is coaching necessary for UPSC?

Not compulsory. With the right strategy, self-discipline, and resources, many toppers have cleared UPSC without coaching. Coaching, however, can provide structured guidance.

How important is Current Affairs in UPSC?

Extremely important. Questions in Prelims, Mains, and Interviews are linked to current issues. Reading newspapers like The Hindu/Indian Express or using monthly compilations is essential.

How much time is required to prepare for UPSC?

On average, 1.5 to 2 years of focused preparation with 8–10 hours daily study is ideal. Consistency matters more than duration.

What is the role of NCERTs in UPSC preparation?

NCERTs build strong conceptual clarity in subjects like History, Geography, Polity, and Economy. They are the foundation of UPSC preparation.

How can I manage UPSC preparation with a job?

Follow a time-blocking strategy, prioritize weekends for deep study, and focus on smart notes & revision. Many working professionals have successfully cleared UPSC.

Does UPSC preparation require English medium only?

No. UPSC allows candidates to write Mains in any of the 22 scheduled languages. Many toppers have cleared UPSC in Hindi and regional languages.

What is the cut-off for UPSC Prelims (General Category)?

The cut-off changes every year but usually ranges between 75–98 marks depending on difficulty, vacancies, and number of applicants.

How should I prepare for UPSC answer writing?

Practice daily or weekly answer writing, focus on structure (Intro–Body–Conclusion), and include facts, examples, and current affairs.

Where can I get free UPSC resources?

You can download NCERTs, UPSC Previous Year Papers, Daily Current Affairs PDFs, and Notes for free from the Understand UPSC Free Resources section.

Is CSAT qualifying in UPSC Prelims?

Yes. Candidates need to score at least 33% (66 marks) in CSAT to qualify.

What is the exam pattern of UPSC Prelims?

Two papers: General Studies (200 marks) and CSAT (200 marks, qualifying). Both are objective type.

What is UnderStand UPSC and how is it different from other coaching institutes?

UnderStand UPSC is a mentorship-driven EdTech platform for UPSC aspirants focusing on personalized guidance, affordability, and credibility — unlike traditional coaching setups.

What courses do you offer for UPSC preparation?

We offer Conquer Program (Mains Mentorship), UpSurge Mains Test Series, Transform (Foundation), CSAT by Saransh Gupta Sir, Prelims MAD Execute, Prelims Test Series, Answer Writing Programs, and Optional Subject Mentorship.

How does the mentorship program work?

Each group on Telegram is assigned a mentor who reviews test copies, provides feedback, tracks progress, and conducts sessions via Zoom or Google Meet.

Do you provide online or offline classes?

Yes, both modes are available. Offline has limited seats; online ensures access across India with live mentorship and test feedback.

How can I enroll in a course?

You can register via our website (www.understandupsc.com), mobile app, or contact team. Enrolled students receive LMS access with all resources.

Do you provide free resources?

Yes. Free resources include NCERT PDFs, UPSC Academic Calendar, Syllabus, PYQs, and Daily Current Affairs — available in the Free Resources Section.

How do your test series work?

Our test series mirror UPSC standards, are evaluated by mentors, and come with personalized feedback to ensure continuous improvement.

What is the fee structure for your programs?

Fees vary by program but are designed to remain affordable while maintaining quality. Check the latest pricing on the Courses Page.

Can working professionals also join your programs?

Yes. Our mentorship is flexible and personalized, helping working aspirants balance jobs with preparation.

Do you provide guidance for the UPSC Interview/Personality Test?

Yes. We conduct mock interviews, DAF-based guidance, and personality development under the ANTIM-PAG program.

Do you provide study material and notes?

Yes. Students receive curated notes, strategic value additions, and daily/weekly study targets complementing NCERTs and standard books.

How can I contact the team for queries?

You can contact us via email at support@understandupsc.com or call our helpline at +91 8377072252.

Does UnderStand UPSC provide online classes?

Yes, we offer live online sessions, recorded lectures, and continuous mentorship support.

Are test series available separately?

Yes. We provide separate Prelims and Mains test series with detailed evaluation and feedback, aligned with our classroom programs.

UPSC Static Quizzes May 2026 | UPSC Prelims Practice Questions

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UPSC Static Quizzes May 2026 | UPSC Prelims Practice Questions

Topic-wise UPSC Prelims Static MCQs &
Practice Quizzes for May 2026

UPSC Static Quizzes May 2026 provides topic-wise practice questions and important MCQs for UPSC Prelims preparation. These quizzes help aspirants revise static subjects, improve conceptual clarity, and strengthen exam-oriented preparation. Practice UPSC static GK quizzes regularly to boost accuracy, revision, and performance for the UPSC Civil Services Examination.

1 May 2026 (Geography)

1 / 5

1) Consider the following statements about the Westerlies:

The Westerlies are prevailing winds that blow from west to east in the mid-latitudes (between 30° and 60° latitude) in both hemispheres.
The Westerlies are responsible for the movement of weather systems, such as cyclones and anticyclones, across continents like North America and Europe.
The Westerlies are strongest in the Southern Hemisphere due to the lack of landmasses to disrupt their flow.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only

B) 2 and 3 only

C) 1 and 3 only

D) 1, 2, and 3

Answer : D
Explanation :
* Statement 1 is correct as The Westerlies are a belt of prevailing winds that blow from the west towards the east. They are located in the mid-latitudes, which are the regions between 30° and 60° latitude north and south of the equator. These winds play a significant role in shaping the climate and weather patterns in the mid-latitudes.
* Statement 2 is correct as The Westerlies are responsible for the movement of weather systems, such as cyclones and anticyclones, across continents like North America and Europe. The Westerlies drive the movement of high and low-pressure systems, including cyclones and anticyclones. These weather systems can bring various weather conditions, such as rain, snow, heatwaves, or cold snaps. The Westerlies' influence on the movement of these systems helps distribute weather patterns across continents.
* Statement 3 is correct as The Westerlies are strongest in the Southern Hemisphere due to the lack of landmasses to disrupt their flow. The Southern Hemisphere has fewer landmasses than the Northern Hemisphere, which allows the Westerlies to flow more freely. As a result, the Westerlies are generally stronger and more consistent in the Southern Hemisphere. This, in turn, affects the climate and weather patterns in regions such as Australia, New Zealand, and southern South America.
Theme : Climatology

2 / 5

2) Which of the following are impacts of El Niño on global climate?

Weakening of trade winds in the Pacific Ocean, leading to reduced upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water off the coast of South America.
Increased frequency of hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean due to changes in wind shear.
Drought conditions in Australia and Southeast Asia due to shifts in atmospheric circulation.

Select the correct answer using the codes below:

A) 1 and 2 only

B) 2 and 3 only

C) 1 and 3 only

D) 1, 2, and 3

Answer : C
Explanation :
* Statement 1 is correct as During El Niño, the trade winds in the Pacific Ocean weaken, which reduces the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich water off the coast of South America. This disrupts marine ecosystems and affects global weather patterns.
* Statement 2 is incorrect as El Niño typically reduces hurricane activity in the Atlantic Ocean, not increases it. During El Niño, increased wind shear in the Atlantic suppresses the formation and intensification of hurricanes.
* Statement 3 is correct as El Niño causes shifts in atmospheric circulation, leading to drier conditions and droughts in regions like Australia and Southeast Asia.
Theme : Climatology
Level : Moderate
PYQs : UPSC CSE 2011 (El Nino and La nina) + CDS 2022 (El Nino) + CAPF (El Nino and jet stream)

3 / 5

3) The formation of the Gobi Desert in Central Asia is primarily due to:

Its location is in the rain shadow of the Himalayas and other mountain ranges.
Its position in the continental interior, far from moisture sources like oceans.
The influence of warm ocean currents, which reduce precipitation in the region.

Select the correct answer using the codes below:

A) 1 and 2 only

B) 2 and 3 only

C) 1 and 3 only

D) 1, 2, and 3

Answer : A
Explanation :
* Statement 1 is correct as The Himalayas and other mountain ranges block moisture-laden air from the Indian Ocean, creating a rain shadow effect that contributes to the arid conditions in the Gobi Desert.
* Statement 2 is correct as The Gobi Desert's location in the continental interior, far from moisture sources like oceans, also contributes to its arid climate.
* Statement 3 is incorrect as The Gobi Desert is not influenced by warm ocean currents, as it is far from any ocean.
Theme : Geomorphology
Level : Moderate
PYQs relevance : CSE 2009 (Formation of desert)

4 / 5

4) Why do temperatures increase with altitude in the stratosphere?

The ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation, heating the stratosphere.
The stratosphere is closer to the Sun, receiving more direct solar radiation.
The stratosphere has minimal vertical mixing of air movement.

Select the correct answer using the codes below:

A) 1 only

B) 1 and 2 only

C) 1 and 3 only

D) 1, 2, and 3

Answer : C
Explanation :
* Statement 1 is correct as The ozone layer (O₃) in the stratosphere absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. This absorption converts UV energy into heat, warming the stratosphere. This is the “primary reason” temperatures increase with altitude in this layer.
* Statement 2 is incorrect as The stratosphere’s temperature increase is not due to proximity to the Sun. The entire Earth’s atmosphere is roughly the same distance from the Sun. If this were true, the thermosphere (higher up) would be even hotter, but temperatures there fluctuate widely due to solar activity, not proximity.
* Statement 3 is correct as The stratosphere is stable with minimal vertical air movement (no convection). Heat from ozone absorption accumulates in the stratosphere without being redistributed, leading to a temperature inversion (warmer with altitude).
Theme : Climatology
Level : Moderate
PYQs relevance : UPSC CDS 2016 (Stratosphere and temperature) + CDS (stratosphere and ozone) + UPSC CSE 2011 (Conceptual Question on Stratosphere)

5 / 5

5) The temperature range in polar regions is extremely high during summer and winter. What is/are the reason/reasons?

Prolonged daylight in summer leads to significant heating.
Prolonged darkness in winter leads to extreme cooling.
Low humidity in polar regions allows for rapid temperature changes.

Select the correct answer using the codes below:

A) 1 and 2 only

B) 2 and 3 only

C) 1 and 3 only

D) 1, 2, and 3

Answer : D
Explanation :
* Statement 1 is correct as Polar regions experience 24 hours of daylight during summer due to the tilt of the Earth's axis. This phenomenon is called the Midnight Sun. The continuous sunlight allows for significant heating of the surface, even though the Sun's angle is low. This results in relatively warmer temperatures during the summer months.
* Statement 2 is correct as Conversely, during the winter months, the polar regions experience almost complete darkness, leading to extreme cooling.
* Statement 3 is correct as The polar regions have very low humidity, which allows for rapid temperature changes. With little to no moisture in the air, the atmosphere can't retain heat well, leading to rapid cooling. Similarly, when the sun shines, the air can heat up quickly due to the lack of moisture.
Theme : Climatology
Level : Easy to moderate

Your score is

The average score is 40%

4 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) The Sanskrit work ‘Sarasvati-Kanthabharana’ was written by:

A) Kalidasa

B) Banabhatta

C) King Bhoja

D) Hemchandracharya

Answer: C

Explanation: The Sarasvati-Kanthabharana is a Sanskrit work on poetics and grammar, attributed to King Bhoja, a renowned ruler of the Paramara dynasty.

2 / 5

2) With reference to Early Medieval History of South India, who were the Nagarams?

A) Artisans and craftsmen who lived in urban centers.

B) Merchants and traders who controlled the trade guilds.

C) Village assemblies that governed local affairs.

D) Royal officials responsible for collecting taxes.

Answer: B

Explanation:

Nagarams were merchant guilds that played significant role in the economic and social life of medieval South India. They were organizations of merchants and traders who controlled trade, commerce, and industry in urban centers.

These guilds were powerful and influential, and they often had their own rules, regulations, and systems of governance.

3 / 5

3) Consider the following statements regarding Bhimdev Solanki:

He was the founder of the Solanki dynasty of Gujarat.
He built the famous Modhera Sun Temple.
He was a patron of the Jain poet Hemachandra.
He established his capital at Dwarka.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 and 3 only

B) 1, 3 and 4 only

C) 2 and 3 only

D) 2, 3 and 4 only

Answer : C

Explanation:

Mularaja was the founder of the Solanki dynasty of Gujarat. The Solanki dynasty, also known as the Chaulukya dynasty, ruled Gujarat from the 10th to the 13th century. They were a powerful and influential dynasty that played a significant role in shaping the history and culture of Gujarat. During their reign, they built many iconic temples, including the famous Modhera Sun Temple and the Somnath Temple.

Hence, Statement 1 is incorrect.

Bhimdev Solanki built the Modhera Sun Temple, which is actually located in Gujarat. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.

Bhimdev Solanki was indeed a patron of the Jain poet Hemachandra. Hemchandracharya, a renowned Jain scholar and poet, wrote several influential works, including the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra, a Sanskrit epic narrating the lives of 63 illustrious individuals. He also authored Kavyanushasana, a treatise on Sanskrit poetry and grammar, as well as works on Sanskrit and Prakrit grammar, and a Sanskrit dictionary, Abhidhan Chintamani. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.

Statement 4 is incorrect as Bhimdev Solanki established his capital at Anahilapataka (modern-day Patan), not Dwarka.

4 / 5

4) With reference to the Uttaramerur inscription, consider the following statements:

It belongs to the reign of Rajendra Chola II.
It describes the procedures for electing members to the sabha (village assembly).

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 only

B) 2 only

C) Both

D) None

Answer : B

Explanation :

The Chola Empire (300 BCE – 1279 CE) was a powerful and influential empire in southern India, known for its military conquests, administrative efficiency, and cultural achievements. At its peak, the empire covered much of southern India, Sri Lanka, and parts of Southeast Asia. The Cholas were patrons of art, architecture, and literature, and their legacy can be seen in the many temples, sculptures, and literary works that survive to this day.

Statement 1 is incorrect as The Uttaramerur inscription actually belongs to the reign of Parantaka Chola II (not Rajendra Chola II).

Statement 2 is correct as The inscription does describe the procedures for electing members to the sabha (village assembly), providing valuable information about ancient Indian democracy and local governance.

5 / 5

5) With reference to the ruler Krishnadeva Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire, consider the following statements:

He was a patron of the Telugu poet Tenali Ramakrishna.
He established a strong and efficient administrative system, with a network of officials and a system of taxation.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 only

B) 2 only

C) Both 1 and 2

D) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: C

Explanation:

The Vijayanagara Empire was a powerful and influential empire that existed from the 14th to the 17th century in southern India. It was founded in 1336 by Harihara I and Bukka, two brothers who were governors of the Hoysala Empire. The empire reached its peak during the reign of Krishnadeva Raya who is considered one of the greatest rulers of the empire.

Krishnadeva Raya was a patron of the arts and literature, and Tenali Ramakrishna was one of the poets who received his patronage. Tenali Ramakrishna was a renowned Telugu poet and a member of Krishnadeva Raya’s court. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.

Krishnadeva Raya is known for his efficient administrative system, which included a network of officials, a system of taxation, and a well-organized military. He divided his empire into provinces, each governed by a governor, and established a system of taxation that included land revenue, customs duties, and tributes. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.

Your score is

The average score is 27%

5 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) Arab merchant Sulaiman referred to which kingdom as "Ruhma"?

A) Rashtrakuta Kingdom

B) Pala Kingdom

C) Pratihara Kingdom

D) Chola Kingdom

Answer: B

Explanation: Arab merchant Sulaiman, who travelled to India during the 9th century, referred to the Pala Kingdom as “Ruhma” in his writings.

Sulaiman’s account provides valuable information about the Pala Kingdom, its economy, politics, and culture, during that time period. His reference to the Pala Kingdom as “Ruhma” is significant, as it highlights the kingdom’s importance and reputation in the medieval Indian Ocean trade network.

2 / 5

2) Consider the following statements about Prithviraj Chauhan, the renowned ruler of the Chahamana dynasty:

Chand Bardai and Jayanaka served as court poets during Prithviraj Chauhan’s reign.
Prithviraj Chauhan founded the city of Ajmer.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A) Only 1

B) Only 2

C) Both

D) None

Answer: A

Explanation:

Chand Bardai was a renowned poet in the court of Prithviraj Chauhan, and he wrote the famous epic poem “Prithviraj Raso,” which narrates the life and exploits of Prithviraj Chauhan. Jayanaka, on the other hand, wrote “Prithviraj Vijaya,” another notable work about Prithviraj Chauhan. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.

According to historical records, Ajmer city was founded by Ajayaraja II, a ruler of the Chahamana dynasty, in the 11th century. Hence, Statement 2 is incorrect.

3 / 5

3) Which medieval Indian text, written by Kalhana, chronicles the history of Kashmir and is considered one of the most important sources of information on the region?

A) Rajatarangini

B) Harshacharita

C) Ramayana

D) Vikramankadevacharita

Answer: A

Explanation: Rajatarangini, which translates to “The River of Kings,” is a medieval Indian text written by Kalhana in the 12th century. It is a historical chronicle that chronicles the history of Kashmir from the earliest times to the 12th century. The text is considered one of the most important sources of information on the region and provides valuable insights into the social, cultural, and political history of Kashmir during that period.

4 / 5

4) With reference to medieval Indian history, the term ‘Iqta’ is used to refer to

A) A type of land grant given to nobles and officers.

B) A system of taxation imposed by the Delhi Sultanate.

C) A type of military commander in the Vijayanagara Empire.

D) A title given to the king’s personal advisor.

Answer: A

Explanation:

The Iqta system was a land revenue system introduced by the Delhi Sultanate in medieval India. It was a type of land grant given to nobles, officers, and military commanders in lieu of salary. The grantee was responsible for collecting revenue from the granted land, including taxes, tributes, and other dues. In return, they were obligated to provide military service to the Sultanate, maintaining a certain number of troops and horses. The Iqta grants were non-hereditary, meaning they were not passed down to the grantee’s heirs. This system served administrative, military, and revenue collection purposes, leading to decentralization, the emergence of a new elite class, and promoting agricultural growth.

Theme: Delhi sultanate | Terms.

5 / 5

5) Who was the founder of the Garha-Katanga kingdom?

A) Jadurai

B) Sangram Shah

C) Raja Puran Mal

D) Mahabali Singh

Answer: A

Explanation: The Garha kingdom, also called Garha-Mandla or Garha Katanga, was an early-modern-era kingdom in India. It was the first large kingdom to be founded by the Gond tribe kings and was based in Central India. The kingdom was founded in the 15th century and lasted until conquest by the Maratha Confederacy in 1781.

One of the most famous rulers of the Garha-Katanga kingdom was Rani Durgavati, who ruled from 1550 to 1564. She was a brave and wise queen who fought against the Mughal Empire and is still remembered in Indian history.

Your score is

The average score is 50%

6 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) Who founded the Karnata dynasty of Mithila in 1097 CE?

A) Tailapa II

B) Nanyadeva

C) Gangadeva

D) Pulakeshin II

Answer: B

Explanation: The Karnata Dynasty of Mithila was a medieval dynasty founded by Nanyadeva in 1097 CE. The dynasty ruled over the regions of Tirhut and Mithila, which are now part of the state of Bihar, India, and adjacent areas of southeastern Nepal.

The Karnats’ primary power center was the fortified citadel of Simraungadh, strategically located on the Bihar-Nepal border. Later, during the reign of Gangadeva, Darbhanga emerged as the dynasty’s second capital.

Theme: Dynasty and kingdom in medieval India.

2 / 5

2) Which of the following Mongol leaders/commanders did not launch a military campaign across the Indus River into India?

A) Genghiz Khan

B) Taj Bahadur

C) Abdullah

D) Qutlugh Khwaja

Answer: A

Explanation:

Genghiz Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, did not personally lead a campaign into India. Although the Mongols did invade India during the 13th century, Genghiz Khan’s own military campaigns focused on Central Asia, China, and Eastern Europe.

Theme: Mongol invasion.

3 / 5

3) Consider the following statements regarding the Rashtrakuta dynasty:

The capital of the Rashtrakuta dynasty was Ujjain.
The founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty was Dantidurga.

Which of the following options is correct?

A) Only 1

B) Only 2

C) Both

D) None

Answer: B

Explanation:

The capital of the Rashtrakuta dynasty was actually Manyakheta (modern-day Malkhed), which is located in present-day Karnataka, India. Ujjain, on the other hand, was an important city in ancient India, but it was not the capital of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. Hence, Statement 1 is not correct.

Dantidurga (also known as Dantidurga I) is believed to have founded the Rashtrakuta dynasty in the mid-8th century. He is credited with establishing the dynasty’s power base in the Deccan region of India. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.

Theme: Rashtrakuta dynasty.

4 / 5

4) Which one of the following statements is correct with reference to Akbar during Medieval Indian history?

A) He was the founder of the Mughal Empire in India.

B) He built the city of Fatehpur Sikri as his new capital.

C) He was succeeded by his son Shah Jahan.

D) He shifted his capital from Agra to Lahore.

Answer: B

Explanation:

Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri in 1571 as his new capital, which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire for about 14 years. It was abandoned due to water supply issues and other factors. Hence, Option B is correct.

Option (a) is incorrect because Babur, not Akbar, founded the Mughal Empire in India.

Option (c) is incorrect because Akbar was succeeded by his son Jahangir, not Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan succeeded Jahangir.

Option (d) is incorrect because Akbar shifted his capital from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri, not Lahore.

Theme: Mughal empire.

5 / 5

5) With reference to history of India, the terms “Kaikkolaperumpadai” and “Velaikkarar” specifically referred to:

A) Local councils responsible for governance and taxation

B) Elite groups of scholars and priests

C) Specialized military units maintained by the state

D) Hierarchical divisions of the bureaucracy

Answer: C

Explanation:

“Kaikkolaperumpadai” and “Velaikkarar” are terms that originated in ancient Tamil Nadu, specifically during the Chola period. They refer to specialized military units or troops maintained by the state.

These terms highlight the importance of military organization and defence in ancient Indian kingdoms, particularly during the Chola Empire. The Cholas were known for their powerful military and naval forces, which played a crucial role in their expansion and dominance in southern India.

Theme: Terms.

Your score is

The average score is 42%

7 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) Which foreign traveller provided a detailed account of diamonds and diamond mines in India?

A) Francois Bernier

B) Jean-Baptiste Tavernier

C) Jean de Thevenot

D) Abbe Barthelemy Carre

Answer: B

Explanation: Jean-Baptiste Tavernier was a French gem merchant and traveller who visited India during the 17th century.

In his book, Tavernier describes the diamond mines of India, particularly the famous Kollur Mine in the Kingdom of Golconda (present-day Telangana). He provides information on the methods used to extract diamonds, the quality and characteristics of Indian diamonds, and the trade routes used to transport them to other parts of the world.

Tavernier’s account of Indian diamonds and diamond mines is considered one of the most authoritative and detailed of its time, making him a significant source of information on this topic.

Theme: Travellers.

2 / 5

2) During the Sultanate period, who were the supreme rural officials responsible for collecting land revenue?

A) Chaudhary

B) Ravat

C) Malik

D) Patwari

Answer: A

Explanation: During the Sultanate period in India (1206-1526 CE), the Chaudhary was the supreme rural official responsible for collecting land revenue. The Chaudhary was a high-ranking official who oversaw the administration of group of villages, known as “Pargana”.

The Chaudhary’s primary responsibility was to collect land revenue, known as “Kharaj,” from the peasants and landowners within their jurisdiction. They were also responsible for maintaining law and order, administering justice, and overseeing the local administration.

The other options are not correct because:

Ravat: A Ravat was a minor official responsible for collecting revenue from a small group of villages.
Malik: A Malik was a noble or a high-ranking official, but not necessarily responsible for land revenue collection.
Patwari: A Patwari was a village accountant responsible for maintaining land records and collecting revenue at the village level, but not the supreme rural official.

Theme: Terms.

3 / 5

3) In the context of the Sultanate period, what did the term “Fawazil” refer to?

A) Extra payment to the nobles

B) Revenue assigned in lieu of salary

C) Excess amount paid to the exchequer by the Iqtadars

D) Illegal exactions extracted from the peasants

Answer: C

Explanation: In the context of the Sultanate period, “Fawazil” referred to the excess amount paid to the exchequer by the Iqtadars.

Iqtadars were military officers who were granted control over a territory, known as an “Iqta”, in exchange for their military service. They were responsible for collecting revenue from their territory and submitting it to the central government.

Fawazil was the amount paid by the Iqtadars to the central government in excess of their assigned revenue targets. This excess amount was essentially a surplus payment made by the Iqtadars, which was then deposited into the royal treasury.

Theme: Terms.

4 / 5

4) Which of the following Sultans of Delhi introduced the Persian festival of Navroz in India?

A) Balban

B) Iltutmish

C) Firuz Tughluq

D) Alauddin Khalji

Answer: A

Explanation: Balban, also known as Ghiyas-ud-Din Balban, was the ninth Sultan of Delhi, ruling from 1266AD to 1287AD. He is credited with introducing the Persian festival of Navroz in India.

Navroz, also known as Nowruz, is an ancient Persian New Year’s festival that marks the beginning of spring. It is celebrated on the spring equinox, typically around March 20-21.

Balban, who was of Turkic origin, was heavily influenced by Persian culture and traditions. He introduced Navroz as a way to promote Persian culture and festivities in India, which was then under Muslim rule. The festival was celebrated with great funfare at the Delhi court, and it became an important part of the cultural calendar in medieval India.

Theme: Delhi sultanate.

5 / 5

5) Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) Sharaf Qai was a minister of Alauddin Khalji.

B) Giyasuddin Tughluq warned Muqtis against mistreating officials for minor embezzlement.

C) The Arabic work “Masalik-i-Absar” describes the functioning of the Iqta system under Muhammad-bin-Tughluq.

D) Marco Polo has not mentioned the Pearl Fishery of Tuticorin in South India.

Answer: D

Explanation: Marco Polo’s travel accounts reveal a fascinating glimpse into India’s rich history. During his visit to India in the late 13th century, Polo described the thriving pearl fishing industry in Tuticorin, a port city under the Pandya kingdom. His writings provide valuable insights into the pearl trade and commerce of that era.

Theme: Travellers.

Your score is

The average score is 20%

8 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) Who was the first Sultan of Delhi to introduce the ‘Haqq-i-Sharb’ or irrigation tax?

A) Balban

B) Alauddin Khalji

C) Iltutmish

D) Firuz Tughluq

Answer: D

Explanation:

Firuz Shah Tughlaq was the first Sultan of Delhi to levy ‘Haqq-i-Sharb’ or irrigation tax. He introduced this tax to encourage agriculture and invested heavily in irrigation systems, including the repair of canals and the construction of new ones.

Theme: Delhi sultanate.

2 / 5

2) Who was the first Sultan of Delhi to introduce a standardized coinage system and formally declare Delhi as the capital of his empire?

A) Qutb-ud-din Aibak

B) Iltutmish

C) Alauddin Khalji

D) Ghiyas-ud-din Balban

Answer: B

Explanation:

Iltutmish, also known as Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, was the third Sultan of Delhi. He ruled from 1211 to 1236 and is considered one of the most important rulers of the Delhi Sultanate.

Iltutmish introduced a standardized coinage system, which included the silver tanka and the copper jital. He also declared Delhi as the capital of his empire, marking a significant shift in the political center of India.

Iltutmish’s reforms helped to establish a strong and stable government in Delhi, which laid the foundation for the growth and expansion of the Delhi Sultanate.

Theme: Delhi sultanate.

3 / 5

3) The Khalji dynasty’s administrative reforms, particularly during the reign of Alauddin Khalji, were characterized by:

A) Decentralization of power and feudalization of the nobility

B) Centralization of power, efficient revenue collection, and market regulation

C) Increased reliance on the Jagirdari system and feudal obligations

D) Adoption of the Iqtadari system from the Seljuk Turks

Answer: B

Explanation:

Alauddin Khalji’s administrative reforms aimed to centralize power, increase revenue collection, and regulate markets. He:

Centralized power: Alauddin Khalji reduced the autonomy of nobles and governors, bringing them under direct central control.
Efficient revenue collection: He introduced a new revenue system, which included:

- Measurement of land for taxation purposes (called “measurement” or “paimaish”).
- Introduction of a new tax, “Kharaj” (land tax).
- Increased taxation on trade and commerce.

3. Market regulation: Alauddin Khalji regulated markets by:

Fixing prices for essential commodities.
Controlling the trade in grains, sugar, and other essential goods.
Establishing a network of spies and informers to monitor market activities.

These reforms helped Alauddin Khalji consolidate power, increase revenue, and maintain control over the economy.

Theme: Khilji dynasty.

4 / 5

4) The Bhakti movement in medieval India was characterized by:

A) Emphasis on ritual worship and sacrifices

B) Emphasis on personal devotion to the God

C) Emphasis on asceticism and renunciation of worldly life for all followers.

D) Revival of ancient Vedic rituals and practices

Answer: B

Explanation: The Bhakti movement in medieval India was a religious and social movement that emphasized the importance of personal devotion and love for a personal deity. Bhakti saints and poets emphasized the individual’s emotional connection with God, often using vernacular languages to express their devotion.

The Bhakti movement rejected the formalism and ritualism of traditional Hinduism, instead emphasizing the individual’s personal experience and emotional connection with the divine.

Theme: Bhakti movement.

5 / 5

5) Who was the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty in Delhi?

A) Qutb-ud-din Aibak

B) Iltutmish

C) Ghiyas ud-Din Tughlaq

D) Muhammad bin Tughlaq

Answer: C

Explanation: The Tughlaq dynasty was the third ruling dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate in medieval India. Founded by Ghazi Malik, who ascended to the throne as Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq in 1320, the dynasty ruled Delhi for nearly a century until its decline in 1413.

Theme: Tughlaq dynasty.

Your score is

The average score is 100%

9 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) What characterized the village administration in the Imperial Chola Empire?

Village administration operated independently, without royal intervention.
Membership in village assemblies was exclusive to landowning Brahmins.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A) 1 only

B) 2 only

C) Both

D) None

Answer: D

Explanation:

The village assemblies in the Chola Empire played a vital role in local governance, but they were not entirely autonomous. While these assemblies, known as “Sabhas” or “Ur”, enjoyed significant powers and managed day-to-day affairs, they operated under the overarching authority of the Chola monarch.

For instance, the Chola king would often appoint an officer to oversee village administration and ensure that local decisions aligned with imperial policies. This system of dual governance allowed for effective local management while maintaining the king’s control over the empire’s vast territories. Hence, Statement 1 is incorrect.

Membership in village assemblies was not exclusive to landowning Brahmins. Instead, these assemblies represented a broader cross-section of village society Including women. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.

Theme: Chola empire.

2 / 5

2) With reference to the Paramara Dynasty of Malwa, consider the following statements:

The first capital of the Paramara Dynasty was Sthanvishvara.
The Paramara ruler Bhoja built the Bhojeshwar Temple.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A) 1 only

B) 2 only

C) Both

D) None

Answer: B

Explanation:

The Paramara ruler Bhoja indeed built the Bhojeshwar Temple, which is located in Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.

However, the first capital of the Paramara Dynasty was not Sthanivishvara, but rather Dhara (Dhar) or Mandore (near modern Jodhpur). Hence, Statement 1 is not correct.

Theme: Regional kingdoms.

3 / 5

3) What were the primary motivations behind Muhammad Bin Tughlaq's decision to transfer the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad?

Consolidating control over the Deccan and Gujarat regions
Gaining access to Western and Southern ports
Protecting against Mongol invasions from the North-Western frontier

Select the correct option:

A) 1 and 2 only

B) 2 and 3 only

C) 1 and 3 only

D) 1, 2, and 3

Answer: D

Explanation: Muhammad Bin Tughlaq's decision to transfer the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad was motivated by three key reasons:

Establishing Control: The shift to Daulatabad would give him a chance to establish control over the Deccan and Gujarat regions, allowing him to consolidate his power and exert authority over these areas.
Strategic Access: Daulatabad's location provided access to the Western and Southern ports, facilitating trade and commerce, and enabling Tughlaq to expand his economic influence.
Protection from Invasion: By relocating the capital to Daulatabad, Tughlaq aimed to protect himself from direct Mongol invasions from the North-Western frontier, as Daulatabad's geographical location made it more secure against potential attacks.

Therefore, all statements are correct.

Theme: Delhi sultanate.

4 / 5

4) Which of the following Sultans of Delhi successfully broke and destroyed the power of the Turkan-i-Chihalgani, a group of powerful Turkish nobles?

A) Qutb-ud-din Aibak

B) Shams-ud-din

C) Ghiyas-ud-din Balban

D) Jalal-ud-din Khalji

Answer: C

Explanation:

Ghiyas-ud-din Balban, who ruled as the Sultan of Delhi from 1266 to 1287, successfully broke and destroyed the power of the Turkan-i-Chihalgani, a group of powerful Turkish nobles who had dominated the Delhi Sultanate during the early 13th century. Balban’s efforts to centralize power and reduce the influence of the nobles helped to establish a more stable and efficient government in Delhi.

Theme: Delhi sultanate.

5 / 5

5) Which of the following sites is associated with the Dharma-Chakra-Jaina Vihara constructed by Queen Kumaradevi, wife of Govind Chandra Gahadavala?

A) Varanasi

B) Ayodhya

C) Sarnath

D) Shravsthi

Answer: C

Explanation:

Queen Kumaradevi, the wife of Govind Chandra Gahadavala, the ruler of the Gahadavala dynasty, constructed the Dharma-Chakra-Jaina Vihara at Sarnath. Sarnath is a famous Buddhist and Jain pilgrimage site located near Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.

The Gahadavala dynasty was a powerful dynasty that ruled over much of northern India, including present-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, during the 11th to 12th centuries. Queen Kumaradevi was a patron of Jainism and constructed several temples and viharas, including the Dharma-Chakra-Jaina Vihara at Sarnath.

Theme: Regional kingdoms.

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The average score is 0%

11 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) Consider the following statements regarding Rajendra chola:

Rajendra Chola built the Airavateswara Temple at Darasuram.
Rajendra Chola established Gangaikonda Cholapuram as his capital.

Which of the following options is correct?

A) 1 only

B) 2 only

C) Both

D) None

Answer: B

Explanation:

The Airavateswara Temple at Darasuram was built during the reign of Rajaraja Chola II, not Rajendra Chola. This temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is considered one of the greatest architectural achievements of the Chola dynasty. Hence, Statement 1 is incorrect.

Rajendra Chola I established Gangaikonda Cholapuram as his capital in the 11th century CE. This city was built to commemorate his conquest of the Ganges River and the defeat of the Pala kingdom of Bengal. The city was designed to be a grand and magnificent capital, with impressive temples, palaces, and other buildings. Hence, Statement 2 is the correct answer.

Theme: Chola empire.

2 / 5

2) The Khalimpur Copper Plate Inscription, which describes the tripartite struggle of regional kingdoms in Kannauj, is associated to which of the following dynasties specifically?

A) Pala Dynasty

B) Pratihara Dynasty

C) Pandya Dynasty

D) Gupta Dynasty

Answer: A

Explanation:

The Khalimpur Copper Plate Inscription is a significant historical record that provides valuable information about the Pala Dynasty, which ruled over Bengal and Bihar from the 8th to the 12th century CE.

This inscription, issued by Dharmapala, a prominent Pala king, describes the tripartite struggle of regional kingdoms in Kannauj, a city in present-day Uttar Pradesh. The inscription highlights Dharmapala’s victory over the Pratihara king Vatsaraja and his subsequent claim to the throne of Kannauj.

The Khalimpur Copper Plate Inscription is an important source of information for historians studying the Pala Dynasty and the politics of ancient India. It provides insights into the complex web of alliances and rivalries between regional kingdoms during this period.

Therefore, the correct answer is Pala Dynasty, as the Khalimpur Copper Plate Inscription is closely associated with this dynasty and its history.

Theme: Pala empire.

3 / 5

3) Which of the following statements are correct about the Rashtrakuta Empire?

The capital of Rashtrakuta empire was Badami.
Women participated in administrative activities and held government posts.
The Kailashnath Temple at Ellora was built during the reign of Amoghavarsha I.

Choose the correct option:

A) 1 and 2 only

B) 2 and 3 only

C) 2 only

D) 2 and 3 only

Answer: C

Explanation:

The Rashtrakuta Empire’s capital was actually Manyakheta (modern-day Malkhed), not Badami. Badami was the capital of the Chalukya Empire, a different dynasty that ruled parts of southern India. Hence, Statement 1 is not correct.

As mentioned in the text, women played an active role in the administration of the Rashtrakuta Empire. They participated in administrative activities and even held government posts. There were cases where women supervised significant areas as when Revakanimaddi, daughter of Amoghavarsha I, administered Edathore Vishaya. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.

The Kailashnatha Temple at Ellora was actually built during the reign of Krishna I, not Amoghavarsha I. Krishna I was a Rashtrakuta king and is credited with building this magnificent rock-cut temple. Hence, Statement 3 is not correct.

Theme: Rashtrakuta Empire.

4 / 5

4) Which of the following medieval Indian dynasties is credited with building the famous “Kirti Stambha” (Tower of Fame) in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan?

A) Sisodiya Dynasty

B) Paramara Dynasty

C) Solanki Dynasty

D) Tomara Dynasty

Answer: A

Explanation:

Rana Kumbha, the powerful Mewar king from Sisodiya dynasty commissioned the construction of the iconic Kirti Stambha, also known as the Vijaya Stambha or Tower of Victory, in 1448. Located within the majestic Chittor Fort in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, this monumental tower was built to celebrate Rana Kumbha’s triumphant victory over the combined forces of Gujarat and Malwa, led by the formidable Mahmud Khilji.

The Kirti Stambha is dedicated to Adinath, the first Jain Tirthankara (spiritual teacher). The tower is adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures of Jain deities, as well as scenes from everyday life. Its design and architecture reflect the rich cultural heritage of the Chauhan Dynasty and the Jain tradition.

Rana Kumbha, who ruled Chittorgarh from 1433 to 1468, was a patron of art, architecture, and literature. He commissioned several notable projects, including the Kirti Stambha, which stands as a testament to his vision and legacy.

Theme: Regional kingdom.

5 / 5

5) Which medieval Indian kingdom was known for its “Madurantakam” inscription, detailing its administrative and military achievements?

A) Chola Empire

B) Pandya Kingdom

C) Vijayanagara Empire

D) Kakatiya Dynasty

Answer: A

Explanation: The Madurantakam inscription is a notable epigraphic record from the Chola Empire, specifically from the reign of King Parantaka I (907-953 CE). This inscription provides valuable information about the Chola administration, military campaigns, and territorial expansion.

Notably, Madurantakam in Tamil Nadu is home to several Chola-era inscriptions, including those found in the Syerantavesvara temple and the Arulakara Isvaram temple. These inscriptions offer a glimpse into the Chola Empire’s governance, social structure, and cultural achievements, underscoring the significance of Madurantakam as a site of historical importance.

Theme: Chola empire.

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The average score is 20%

12 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) Which of the following statements are correct about the Delhi Sultanate?

The provinces under the Delhi Sultanate were called iqtas.
The governors of the provinces were called the shiqdars.
The pargana was the smallest administrative unit.

Choose the correct option:

A) 1 only

B) 1 and 3 only

C) 2 only

D) 1 and 2 only

Answer: A

Explanation:

The provinces under the Delhi Sultanate were indeed called iqtas. An iqta was a territorial division or province governed by a muqti or wali, who was responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and upholding the Sultan’s authority. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.

The governors of the provinces were not called shiqdars. Instead, they were called muqtis or walis. Shiqdars, on the other hand, were officials responsible for governing smaller administrative units called shiqs, which were subdivisions of the iqta. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.

The pargana was not the smallest administrative unit under the Delhi Sultanate. A pargana was an administrative unit comprising several villages, and it was headed by an amil. The smallest administrative unit was actually the village itself, typically overseen by a muqaddam or Chaudhri. Hence, Statement 3 is not correct.

Theme: Delhi sultanate.

2 / 5

2) Arrange the following four dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate in the correct chronological order:

Lodi Dynasty
Tughlaq Dynasty
Sayyid Dynasty
Khalji Dynasty

Choose the correct option:

A) 2,3,1,4

B) 4,2,3,1

C) 2,4,3,1

D) 4,3,2,1

Answer: B

Explanation: The correct chronological order of the Delhi Sultanate dynasties is:

Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)
Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320)
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414)
Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451)
Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526)

Theme: Delhi sultanate.

3 / 5

3) What was the significance of the ceremonies of Sijada and Paibos introduced by Sultan Balban?

A) To show humility and simplicity

B) To promote equality among courtiers

C) To exalt the Sultan’s position and authority

D) To reduce the power of the nobles

Answer: C

Explanation:

To instill awe and reverence among his subjects, Sultan Balban maintained a magnificent court. He adopted a stern demeanor, refraining from laughter and jests, and even abstained from drinking wine to project a dignified and majestic persona.

Balban introduced the ceremonies of Sijada (prostration) and Paibos (kissing the monarch’s feet) to further elevate his status. These ceremonies were designed to exalt his position and authority, emphasizing his power and prestige.

Other symbols of Balban’s authority included:

The khutba: a formal sermon delivered during Friday congregational prayers, where the Sultan’s name was invoked as the head of the community.
Coinage(Sikka): which was the ruler’s prerogative, bearing the Sultan’s name on the coins.

By introducing these ceremonies and symbols, Balban aimed to reinforce his authority and maintain a majestic image.

Theme: Delhi sultanate.

4 / 5

4) What was the main purpose of the “Diwan-i-Kohi” established by Muhammad Bin Tughlaq?

A) To collect harsh taxes from farmers

B) To provide loans to farmers for agricultural development

C) To maintain law and order in the empire

D) To oversee the construction of public buildings

Answer: B

Explanation: Muhammad Bin Tughlaq established a separate department called “Diwan-i-Kohi” to oversee agricultural affairs. The main purpose of this department was to provide loans to farmers for various agricultural purposes.

By providing these loans, the Diwan-i-Kohi aimed to support and promote agricultural development in the empire. He launched a scheme by which takkavi loans (loans for cultivation) were given to the farmers to buy seed and to extend cultivation.

Theme: Delhi sultanate. | Terms.

5 / 5

5) What was the Diwan-i-Mustakhraj responsible for in the administration of Delhi sultanate?

A) Military appointments

B) Revenue collection

C) Market regulation

D) Intelligence gathering

Answer: B

Explanation:

To regulate markets and control prices, Alauddin appointed a superintendent, known as the Shahna-i-Mandi, to oversee each market. The Shahna-i-Mandi was assisted by an intelligence officer to ensure effective implementation. Additionally, Alauddin received daily reports from two independent sources:

Barids (Intelligence Officers)
Munhiyans (Secret Spies)

To streamline revenue collection, Alauddin established a separate revenue agency called Diwan-i-Mustakhraj. He also introduced a scientific method for measuring land and calculating land revenue, enhancing the efficiency of the revenue administration.

Your score is

The average score is 44%

13 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) “A Sultan of Delhi established the Diwan-i-Khairat for charitable activities and the Diwan-i-Bundagan for managing slaves. He also introduced the haq-i-shadb water cess. Furthermore, he extended the principle of heredity to the army and nobility, revived the iqta system, and adopted the Iqtadari framework for land revenue collection. He also introduced the irrigation tax ‘Sharb’ and four Islamic taxes.”

Identify this King from the options given below:

A) Muhammad bin Tughlaq

B) Firuz Shah Tughlaq

C) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq

D) Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah

Answer: B

Explanation:

Firuz Shah Tughlaq implemented various administrative and financial reforms during his reign from 1351 to 1388. He imposed Jaziya, a tax on non-Muslims. He also established the Diwan-I Khairat for charitable activities and the Diwan-I-Bundagan for managing slaves.

Firuz Shah Tughlaq introduced several economic policies. He introduced a water cess known as haq-i-shadb and extended the principle of heredity to the army and nobility. He revived and made the iqta system hereditary, adopted the Iqtadari framework for land revenue collection, and introduced an irrigation tax called ‘Sharb’. He also introduced four Islamic taxes – kharaj, khams, jizya, and zakat.

Firuz Shah Tughlaq focused on infrastructure and urban development. He founded new towns, including Firozabad, Fatehabad, Jaunpur, and Hissar. He constructed numerous canals, earning the title ‘father of irrigation department,’ and set up Sarai (rest houses) for travelers and merchants. He established hospitals known as Darul-Shifa, Bimaristan, or Shifa Khana, and enhanced canal infrastructure and irrigation through four canals. He also developed royal factories called karkhanas, employing slaves.

Theme: Delhi sultanate.

2 / 5

2) During whose reign did Timur invade India?

A) Alauddin Khilji

B) Muhammad bin Tughlaq

C) Nasiruddin Mahmud

D) Balban

Answer: C

Explanation:

Timur, also known as Tamerlane, was a Turkic-Mongol conqueror who invaded India in 1398. At that time, Nasiruddin Mahmud was the Sultan of Delhi, ruling the Tughlaq dynasty. Timur’s invasion of India was a devastating blow to the Delhi Sultanate, and it marked the beginning of the end of the Tughlaq dynasty.

Theme: Mongol invasion (New important theme)

3 / 5

3) Which of the following pairs is incorrect about universities and present-day locations?

A) Pushpagiri vihara university: West Bengal

B) Nalanda University: Bihar.

C) Valabhi University: Gujarat.

D) Shardapeeth: Jammu- Kashmir

Answer: A

Explanation: Pushpagiri Vihara University:

Located in Odisha, India, Pushpagiri Vihara University was a renowned Buddhist learning center in ancient India. It was established in the 3rd century AD and flourished until the 11th century AD. The university was known for its expertise in Buddhist philosophy, Tantra, and Vajrayana Buddhism. Hence, Option A is the correct answer.

Nalanda University:

Situated in Bihar, India, Nalanda University was a prestigious ancient university that existed from the 5th to the 12th century AD. It was a major center of Buddhist learning, attracting scholars and students from all over Asia. Nalanda University was known for its vast library, which housed a vast collection of manuscripts and texts on various subjects, including philosophy, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.

Valabhi University:

Located in Gujarat, India, Valabhi University was a prominent center of learning in ancient India. Established in the 6th century AD, it was known for its expertise in Hinayana Buddhism, as well as other subjects like philosophy, administration, and statecraft. Valabhi University was also famous for its beautiful architecture and sculptures.

Shardapeeth (Sharada Peeth):

Situated in Jammu and Kashmir, India, Shardapeeth, also known as Sharada Peeth, is an ancient Hindu temple and learning center. It was established in the 9th century AD and was a major center of Sanskrit learning and Hindu philosophy. The temple is dedicated to the goddess Saraswati, the patron deity of learning and knowledge. Shardapeeth was also an important center of Kashmir Shaivism, a school of Hindu philosophy that originated in Kashmir.

Theme: Universities | Location based questions.

4 / 5

4) Consider the following statements:

Diwan-i-Arz dealing with religious affairs was established by Balban.
Diwan-i-Risalat dealing with military department was established by Allauddin khilji.
Diwan-i-Insha dealing with financial system was established by Mohammad big Tughluq.

Which of the above statements mentioned is/are incorrect?

A) 1 and 2 only

B) 2 and 3 only

C) 2 only

D) 1,2 and 3

Answer: D

Explanation:

The Delhi Sultanate had various departments, each responsible for different aspects of governance.

Diwan-i-Arz, established by Balban, dealt with military affairs, overseeing the royal army and recruiting troops.

Diwan-i-Risalat, headed by Allauddin Khilji, focused on religious matters.

Diwan-i-Insha, which handled the state’s correspondence during Muhammad Bin Tughlaq’s reign.

Diwan-i-Wizarat, led by Ghiyasuddin Balban, was responsible for finance and revenue collection.

Hence, all Statements are incorrect.

Theme : Delhi sultanate | Terms.

5 / 5

5) What type of lands were directly under the control of the Sultan and his central administration?

A) Iqta lands

B) Inam lands

C) Khalisa lands

D) Jagir lands

Answer: C

Explanation:

Khalisa lands were directly under the control of the Sultan and his central administration. These lands were managed by the Sultan’s officials, and the revenue generated from these lands went directly to the Sultan’s treasury.

Iqta lands, on the other hand, were granted to nobles, military officers, and other officials in lieu of their services to the state. The grantee, known as the Iqtadar or Muqti, was responsible for maintaining law and order, providing military support, and collecting revenue in their assigned territory.

Inam lands were grants or endowments given to religious institutions, scholars, or individuals for their services to the state or for religious and charitable purposes. These lands were generally exempt from land revenue and other taxes.

Jagir lands were similar to Iqta lands, but were typically granted to military officers and nobles as a source of income. The Jagirdar (holder of the Jagir) was responsible for collecting revenue from the land and maintaining law and order in their assigned territory.

So, while Iqta, Inam, and Jagir lands were all types of land grants or assignments, only Khalisa lands were directly under the control of the Sultan and his central administration.

Theme: Delhi sultanate.

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14 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) Which ruler of medieval Gujarat is credited with building the Jami Mosque in Champaner and extending the kingdom’s borders through conquests?

A) Sikandar Shah

B) Mahmud Begada

C) Muzaffar Shah

D) Ahmed shah I

Answer: B

Explanation: Mahmud Begada, also known as Mahmud Begarha, was a Sultan of Gujarat who ruled from 1458 to 1511. He is credited with building the Jami Mosque in Champaner, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. During his reign, Mahmud Begarha also extended the kingdom’s borders through conquests, including the capture of the forts of Pavagadh and Champaner.

Theme: Regional medieval kingdoms.

2 / 5

2) Which Mughal emperor commissioned the translation of the Hindu epic, the Mahabharata, into Persian?

A) Babur

B) Humayun

C) Akbar

D) Jahangir

Answer: C

Explanation:

Akbar commissioned the translation of the Hindu epic, the Mahabharata, into Persian named “Razmnama.”

3 / 5

3) What was the hierarchical order of administrative divisions in medieval India, from smallest to largest?

A) Paragana – Sarkar – Suba

B) Sarkar – Paragana – Suba

C) Suba – Sarkar – Paragana

D) Paragana – Suba – Sarkar

Answer: A

Explanation:

Administrative Hierarchy of the Mughal Empire:

The Mughal Empire was divided into a hierarchical administrative structure, consisting of:

Suba (Province): The largest administrative unit, also known as Mahal.
Sarkar (District): A group of Parganas, headed by a military officer called the Chief Shiqdar.
Pargana: A smaller unit comprising a group of villages, administered by:

Shiqdar (Military Officer)
Amin (collecting revenue)
Munsif (Civilian Judge)
Fotahdar (Treasurer)
Two Karkuns (Clerks or Writers/accountants)

Theme: Mughals | Terms.

4 / 5

4) Which of the following statements about Indian history are correct?

The Nizamat of Arcot originated from the Hyderabad State.
The Mysore Kingdom emerged from the Vijayanagara Empire.
The Rohilkhand Kingdom was formed from territories occupied by Ahmad Shah Durrani.

Select the correct answer using the code:

A) 1 and 2

B) 2 only

C) 2 and 3

D) 3 only

Answer: B

Explanation:

The Nizamat of Carnatic (Arcot) did not emerge from the Hyderabad State. Instead, it was a protected area under the Hyderabad State’s influence. Hence, the 1st statement is incorrect

The Mysore Kingdom originated as a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire, with the Hindu Wodeyar family as its founding and ruling dynasty. Hence, Statement 2 is correct

The Kingdom of Rohilkhand was established in 1721 during the decline of the Mughal Empire, and it existed until 1774. It was then transformed into the Princely State of Rampur after being annexed by the British. Hence, Statement 3 is not correct.

Theme: Regional kingdoms.

5 / 5

5) What was the primary distinction between the zamindar and jagirdar systems in medieval India?

A) Zamindars were hereditary landowners, while jagirdars held temporary land assignments.

B) Jagirdars were hereditary landowners, while zamindars held temporary land assignments.

C) Zamindars collected taxes, while jagirdars did not.

D) Jagirdars maintained soldiers, while zamindars did not.

Answer: A

Explanation: Zamindars were hereditary owners of their lands, meaning they had inherited the land from their ancestors and had a permanent claim to it. In contrast, jagirdars were appointed by the emperor to manage a specific territory (jagir) for a limited period, usually in exchange for military service. The jagirdar’s control over the land was not hereditary and could be revoked by the emperor. Hence, Option A is correct and Option B incorrect

Both zamindars and jagirdars were involved in tax collection. Zamindars collected taxes from the peasants and remitted them to the state, while jagirdars collected taxes from the peasants and used the revenue to maintain their own troops and administration. Hence,Option C is not correct.

While it is true that jagirdars maintained soldiers, zamindars also maintained their own armed contingents to protect their territories and assist in local administration. Hence, Option D is not correct.

Theme: Terms.

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15 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) During the medieval period in Indian history, Banjaras were primarily engaged in which occupation?

A) Agriculture

B) Warfare

C) Textile production

D) Trade and commerce

Answer: D

Explanation: Banjaras were a nomadic community known for their expertise in trade, commerce, and transportation, particularly in the medieval period.

2 / 5

2) In medieval India’s economic history, what did the term “Araghatta” specifically refer to?

A) Bonded labor system

B) Land grants to military officers

C) A type of waterwheel used for irrigation

D) Waste land converted to cultivated land

Answer: C

Explanation: The term “Araghatta” refers to a type of Persian wheel or waterwheel used for irrigation in medieval India. This technology was introduced to India by Persian and Arab traders and travelers, and it revolutionized agriculture in the region.

The Araghatta was a mechanical device that used a combination of gears, levers, and buckets to lift water from a well or reservoir and distribute it to crops. This technology allowed farmers to irrigate their fields more efficiently and effectively, leading to increased crop yields and improved agricultural productivity.

The use of the Araghatta was widespread in medieval India, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where it played a crucial role in supporting the growth of agriculture and the development of urban centers.

Theme: Terms.

3 / 5

3) Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri was:

A) The mosque for the use of Royal Family

B) Akbar’s private chamber for prayer

C) The hall in which Akbar held discussions with scholars of various religions

D) The room in which the nobles belonging to different religions gathered to discuss religious affairs

Answer: C

Explanation: The Ibadat Khana was a significant structure built by Mughal Emperor Akbar at his capital city, Fatehpur Sikri. The term “Ibadat Khana” translates to “House of Worship” in Persian.

The Ibadat Khana was not a mosque, nor was it a private prayer chamber for Akbar. Instead, it served as a hall for interfaith dialogues and discussions between Akbar and scholars from various religions, including Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism.

Theme: Mughals.

4 / 5

4) The Nizam Shahi dynasty was founded by:

A) Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I

B) Malik Ambar

C) Shah Jahan

D) Mahmood Gawan

Answer: A

Explanation: The Nizam Shahi dynasty was a royal house that ruled the Ahmednagar Sultanate, a kingdom in the Deccan region of India, from the 15th to the 17th century.

The founder of the Nizam Shahi dynasty was Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I, also known as Ahmad Nizam Shah Bahri. He was a former governor of the region under the Bahmani Sultanate and declared independence in 1490, establishing the Ahmednagar Sultanate.

Ahmad Nizam Shah I was a skilled military leader and administrator who expanded the kingdom’s territories and established a strong foundation for the Nizam Shahi dynasty. He ruled from 1490 to 1510 and was succeeded by his son, Burhan Nizam Shah I.

The Nizam Shahi dynasty played an important role in the history of the Deccan region, and their legacy can still be seen in the architectural and cultural heritage of the region.

Theme: Regional kingdom.

5 / 5

5) The Ahadis, an elite corps of soldiers in the Mughal Empire, were characterized by which of the following features?

A) They were recruited from the general population and paid lower wages than regular horsemen.

B) They were directly enlisted by the Mughal ruler from his own kin and tribal members, and received higher wages.

C) They were primarily engaged in administrative roles within the palace, with no military responsibilities.

D) None of the above.

Answer: B

Explanation:

The Ahadis were the Mughal emperor’s personal household troops, handpicked from his own kin and tribal members. As an elite corps, they enjoyed distinct privileges:

Direct enlistment by the emperor
Separate payroll and paymaster
Higher wages than regular horsemen
Dual roles: military service and administrative responsibilities within the palace

As “gentlemen soldiers,” the Ahadis embodied a unique blend of martial valor and courtly refinement.

Hence, Option B is the correct answer.

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16 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) Which empire captured Qandahar from the Mughal Empire in 1649?

A) Safavid Empire

B) Ottoman Empire

C) Uzbek Empire

D) Persian Empire

Answer: A

Explanation: The Safavid Empire, which was a Shia Muslim empire centered in Persia (modern-day Iran), captured Qandahar from the Mughal Empire in 1649. The Safavids had previously captured Qandahar in 1622, but the Mughals had briefly regained control of it in 1638. However, the Safavids recaptured Qandahar in 1649 and held it until it was eventually captured by the Hotaki dynasty in 1709.

Note: The Persian Empire is not a correct answer because the Persian Empire is a broader term that refers to a series of empires that existed in the region, including the Safavid Empire. However, in the context of this question, the correct answer is the Safavid Empire, which was the specific empire that captured Qandahar in 1649.

Theme: Mughals.

2 / 5

2) What does the term “Chauth” refer to in Medieval India?

A) A type of land grant given to nobles

B) A system of taxation on non-Muslims

C) A tribute or tax paid to the Marathas

D) A type of military unit

Answer: C

Explanation: Chauth was a tribute or tax paid to the Marathas by the neighboring kingdoms and provinces. It was a kind of protection money that the Marathas demanded from the neighboring regions in exchange for not attacking them. The chauth system was introduced by the Maratha leader Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in the 17th century and was used to finance the Maratha army and administration.

The term “chauth” literally means “one-fourth” in Marathi, and it was originally a tax of one-fourth of the revenue of the region. Over time, the chauth system became a major source of revenue for the Marathas and played an important role in their rise to power in India.

Theme: Terms | Marathas.

3 / 5

3) Who looked after foreign affairs and was a member of the Ashtapradhan in Maratha administration?

A) Peshwa

B) Amatya

C) Sumant

D) Sachiv

Answer: C

Explanation: The Peshwa was the chief minister or prime minister of the Maratha Empire. He was responsible for administering the empire and advising the king on matters of state. While the Peshwa did have some role in foreign affairs, he was not specifically responsible for looking after foreign affairs.

The Amatya was the finance minister or treasurer of the Maratha Empire. He was responsible for managing the empire’s finances, collecting taxes, and overseeing the empire’s revenue. The Amatya did not have a direct role in foreign affairs.

The Sumant was the minister of foreign affairs in the Maratha Empire. He was responsible for looking after foreign affairs, advising the king on matters relating to foreign policy, and maintaining relations with other states. This makes Sumant the correct answer. Hence, Option C is the correct answer.

The Sachiv was a secretary or clerk in the Maratha Empire. He was responsible for maintaining records, drafting documents, and performing other administrative tasks. While the Sachiv may have had some role in foreign affairs, he was not specifically responsible for looking after foreign affairs.

Theme: Terms | Maratha empire.

4 / 5

4) Who was the head of the military department during Akbar’s reign?

A) Diwan-i-Kul

B) Mir Bakshi

C) Khan-i-Saman

D) Sadr-us-Sudur

5 / 5

5) Who was the English admiral sent by the East India Company to negotiate a trade treaty with the Mughal Empire in 1612, during the reign of Jahangir?

A) Captain John Smith

B) Sir James Lancaster

C) Nicholas Downton

D) Captain Thomas Best

Answer: C

Explanation: Nicholas Downton was an English admiral who was sent by the East India Company to negotiate a trade treaty with the Mughal Empire in 1612, during the reign of Jahangir. This is the correct answer.

Themes: Mughals.

Your score is

The average score is 40%

18 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) What was the primary responsibility of the Diwan-i-Tan in the Mughal administration?

A) Managing foreign affairs and diplomacy

B) Overseeing jagirs, disbursing salaries, and managing financial matters

C) Collecting taxes and revenue

D) Maintaining law and order

Answer: B

Explanation: The Diwan-i-Tan was a key administrative office in the Mughal Empire. Its primary responsibility was to oversee the management of jagirs (land grants) awarded to nobles and officials. This included ensuring that the jagirdars (holders of jagirs) received their rightful revenues and that the empire’s financial obligations were met.

Additionally, the Diwan-i-Tan was responsible for disbursing salaries to imperial officials and managing other financial matters, such as the distribution of wages and benefits to soldiers and other employees. By overseeing these critical financial functions, the Diwan-i-Tan played a vital role in maintaining the stability and efficiency of the Mughal administration.

Theme: Terms | Mughals.

2 / 5

2) In the context of Indian royal households, what was the primary function of the “Antahpur”?

A) A venue for public audiences and ceremonial events

B) A private residence for the royal family and their personal attendants

C) A training ground for the royal guard

D) A center for administrative and governance activities

Answer: B

Explanation: A private residence for the royal family and their personal attendants, refers to the fact that the Antahpur was the private quarters of a royal household, where the royal family, including the king, queen, and their attendants, would reside.

The term "Antahpur" is derived from the Sanskrit words “anta” meaning “inner” and “pur” meaning “city” or “dwelling”. It was a secluded area within the palace, inaccessible to the general public, where the royal family could retreat from the public eye and conduct their personal lives.

The Antahpur was typically a luxurious and ornate space, with lavish decorations and furnishings, and was often the site of important family events, such as births, weddings, and other ceremonies.

Theme: Terms.

3 / 5

3) Which Maratha Peshwa, also known as “Thorale”, shifted the administrative capital from Satara to Pune in 1728 CE, and captured Salsette and Bassein from the Portuguese in 1722 CE?

A) Madhav Rao Peshwa

B) Balaji Vishwanath

C) Baji Rao I

D) Nana Phadnavis

Answer: C

Explanation: He was the most famous of all nine Peshwas and is often referred to as “Thorale,” which means “elder” in Marathi.

Baji Rao I is notable for several achievements:

He never lost a battle, which is a testament to his military prowess and strategic thinking.
During his reign, the Maratha Empire reached its zenith, and he played a key role in expanding its territories.
In 1722 CE, he captured Salsette and Bassein from the Portuguese, which marked a significant victory for the Marathas.
In 1728 CE, he shifted the administrative capital from Satara to Pune, which became the new center of Maratha power.

Overall, Baji Rao I’s military victories, administrative reforms, and strategic decisions helped establish the Maratha Empire as a dominant force in India during the 18th century.

Theme: Maratha.

4 / 5

4) Which Maratha administrator wrote the book 'Adnyapatra', a comprehensive guide to military tactics, fort maintenance, and administrative procedures?

A) Nana Phadnavis

B) Mahadaji Shinde

C) Trimbak Rao

D) Ramchandra Pant Amatya

Answer: D

Explanation: Ramchandra Pant Amatya was a prominent administrator in the Maratha Empire during the 17th century. He is best known for writing the book “Adnyapatra,” which is a comprehensive guide to military tactics, fort maintenance, and administrative procedures.

The "Adnyapatra" is considered a valuable source of information on the administrative and military systems of the Maratha Empire during that time period. It provides insights into the empire’s governance, taxation, and military organization, as well as its relations with neighboring kingdoms.

Ramchandra Pant Amatya’s work is significant not only because of its historical value but also because it showcases the administrative and military expertise of the Maratha Empire during its heyday.

Theme: Maratha empire.

5 / 5

5) What were the jagirs granted to Mansabdars in the Mughal Empire, which were conditional and could be transferred or resumed by the emperor?

A) Watan jagirs

B) Khas jagirs

C) Mashrut jagirs

D) None of the above

Answer: C

Explanation: Watan jagirs were hereditary jagirs that were granted to nobles and officials in the Mughal Empire. These jagirs were considered the personal property of the grantee and were passed down to their heirs. Watan jagirs were not conditional and were not subject to transfer or resumption by the emperor.

Khas jagirs were jagirs that were directly controlled by the Mughal emperor. These jagirs were not granted to nobles or officials but were instead managed by imperial officials. The revenue from khas jagirs went directly to the imperial treasury.

Service jagirs, also known as mashrut, were jagirs granted to Mansabdars (high-ranking officials) in the Mughal Empire. These jagirs were conditional and were granted in exchange for military service and other obligations. The mashrut system allowed the emperor to transfer or resume these jagirs at will, making them a key tool for maintaining control over the nobility and administrative apparatus. Hence, Option C is the correct answer.

Theme: Terms | Mughals.

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19 May 2026 (Medieval History)

1 / 5

1) The Vijayanagara Empire was founded by which brothers?

A) Harihara and Bukka

B) Krishnadeva Raya and Achyuta Raya

C) Vira Narasimha and Krishnadeva Raya

D) Saluva Narasimha and Tuluva Narasa Nayaka

Answer: A

Explanation: Harihara and Bukka were two brothers who founded the Vijayanagara Empire in the 14th century. They were originally from a small village in the Deccan region and served as officers in the army of the Kakatiya kingdom. After the Kakatiya kingdom was conquered by the Delhi Sultanate, Harihara and Bukka established their own kingdom, which would eventually become the powerful Vijayanagara Empire.

Harihara is said to have been the founder of the city of Vijayanagara, which became the capital of the empire. Bukka, who succeeded Harihara as the ruler of the empire, played a key role in expanding the empire’s territories and establishing its administrative and military systems.

Theme: Vijayanagar empire.

2 / 5

2) Which Delhi Sultan is credited with introducing the token currency system in India?

A) Iltutmish

B) Balban

C) Muhammad bin Tughlaq

D) Alauddin Khalji

Answer: C

Explanation: Muhammad bin Tughlaq, who ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1325 to 1351, is credited with introducing the token currency system in India. He introduced copper tokens, known as “token coins,” which were made of copper and bronze. These tokens were stamped with the Sultan’s name and were used as a substitute for silver coins.

The Introduction of token currency was an experiment aimed at addressing the shortage of silver coins in the Sultanate. However, the experiment failed miserably, as the tokens were easily counterfeited and lost value rapidly. The token currency system was eventually abandoned, and the Sultanate reverted to using silver coins.

Theme: Delhi sultanate.

3 / 5

3) Which of the following Sufi saints is credited with introducing the Chishti Order in India?

A) Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti

B) Baba Farid

C) Nizamuddin Auliya

D) Amir Khusrau

Answer: A

Explanation:

Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, also known as Gharib Nawaz, is credited with introducing the Chishti Order of Sufism in India. He arrived in India in the late 12th century and settled in Ajmer, where he established a Sufi hospice (khanqah) and began to preach and teach. He attracted a large following and became one of the most revered Sufi saints in India.

The Chishti Order, which was founded in Chisht, a small town in present-day Afghanistan, emphasized the importance of love, compassion, and self-discipline. Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti’s teachings and legacy have had a profound impact on Indian Sufism and Islamic thought

Theme: Sufism.

4 / 5

4) Who was the founder of the Sharqi dynasty of Jaunpur?

A) Mubarak shah

B) Malik-ul-Sharq

C) Ibrahim Shah

D) Mahmud ShahMahmud Shah

Answer: B

Explanation : Malik Sarwar or Malik-ul-Sharq was the founder of the Sharqi dynasty of Jaunpur, which ruled from 1394 to 1479. He was a noble of Turkish origin who served under Sultan Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate. After the decline of the Tughlaq dynasty, Malik Sarwar declared independence and established the Sharqi dynasty in Jaunpur, which became a powerful kingdom in northern India.

The Sharqi dynasty is known for its cultural achievements, including the construction of mosques, madrasas, and other architectural monuments. Malik Sarwar’s successors, including Ibrahim Shah and Mahmud Shah, continued to rule Jaunpur until the kingdom was eventually absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate.

Theme: Regional kingdoms.

5 / 5

5) Which of the following was a notable feature of the Ahom Kingdom’s administrative system?

A) A decentralized system of governance with powerful local chiefs

B) A democratic bureaucracy with a weak monarch

C) A unique system of “Paik” system, where subjects were divided into different categories for administrative purposes

D) A feudal system with a network of vassals and nobles

Answer: C

Explanation:

The Ahom Kingdom, which ruled Assam from the 13th to the 19th century, had a unique administrative system known as the “Paik” system. Under this system, subjects were divided into different categories, known as “paiks,” based on their occupation, social status, and other factors. Each paik was responsible for providing labor, goods, or services to the state, and in return, they received protection, land, and other benefits. This system allowed the Ahom Kingdom to maintain a high degree of control over its subjects and to mobilize resources efficiently.

Theme: Ahom kingdom.

Your score is

The average score is 60%

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Topic-wise UPSC Prelims Static MCQs &
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