Overview

• India committed to achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2070 at COP26 in Glasgow (2021).
• Net-zero refers to balancing total emissions released with emissions removed from the atmosphere.
• The commitment aligns with the Paris Agreement’s objective of limiting global temperature rise.

Meaning of Net-Zero

• Total greenhouse gas emissions equal total carbon removals.
• Achieved through a combination of:
  • Reducing emissions at source
  • Expanding renewable energy
  • Increasing carbon sinks such as forests
  • Using carbon capture technologies
• Net-zero does not imply zero emissions, but a balance between emissions and absorption.

India’s Climate Commitments (Panchamrit)

• 500 GW of non-fossil fuel electricity capacity by 2030.
• 50% of energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030.
• Reduction of 1 billion tonnes of projected carbon emissions by 2030.
• Reduction in emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.
• Achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.

Rationale for 2070 Timeline

• India remains a developing economy with rising energy demand.
• Developmental priorities include poverty reduction and industrial growth.
• Historical responsibility for cumulative emissions lies largely with developed countries.
• The timeline balances climate responsibility with developmental equity.

Key Sectors in the Transition

Energy

• Rapid expansion of solar and wind power.
• Promotion of green hydrogen.
• Gradual reduction in coal dependency.

Transport

• Electrification of vehicles.
• Biofuel blending programmes.
• Strengthening public transportation systems.

Industry

• Energy efficiency improvements.
• Adoption of low-carbon technologies.
• Development of green steel and green cement.

Agriculture

• Climate-resilient agricultural practices.
• Methane reduction measures.
• Efficient irrigation systems.

Role of Carbon Sinks

• Expansion of forest and tree cover.
• Afforestation and reforestation initiatives.
• Land restoration programmes.

Challenges

• Mobilising climate finance.
• Access to advanced green technologies.
• Ensuring energy security during transition.
• Managing socio-economic impacts in coal-dependent regions.
• Addressing rapid urbanisation and consumption growth.

Significance

• Demonstrates India’s long-term commitment to climate action.
• Strengthens India’s position in global climate negotiations.
• Encourages green investments and clean technology innovation.
• Integrates environmental sustainability with economic development goals.