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23 October 2026 • UPSC CSE

Read the news. Test the concept. Write the Mains answer.

This interactive edition converts each current-affairs item into one Prelims-level MCQ, one Mains-level question, and a compact value-addition section for revision.

+2 correct −0.66 incorrect Explanation after attempt Image/PDF answer upload
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NEWS 1 GS2 • International Relations Source: The Indian Express

India–Poland Strategic Partnership: Outcomes of Donald Tusk's Visit

Context: Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk visited India from 21–23 October 2026 with over 100 CEOs and business leaders; on 22 October he held bilateral talks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi to strengthen cooperation in trade, defence, technology and energy.

Background and Bilateral Trade

Relationship
Diplomatic relations established in 1954; upgraded to a Strategic Partnership in August 2024 under the Joint Action Plan (2024–2028).
Trade & investment
Bilateral trade reached US$6.36 billion in 2025, with a target of about US$12.7 billion by 2030; Indian investments in Poland exceed US$3 billion, giving access to Central and Eastern European markets.

Major Outcomes

Defence & security
A Defence Industry Dialogue to promote joint manufacturing and co-production; a bilateral counter-terrorism dialogue on terrorist networks and financing.
Resilience, trade & innovation
Poland to join India-led Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI); commitment to expand commerce, advance the India–EU FTA, and explore an India–Poland Startup Bridge and technology hackathons.

Strategic Areas of Cooperation

Areas
Defence and security (joint production, cybersecurity, classified-information protection); emerging technologies (AI, semiconductors, quantum, space); energy and critical minerals (nuclear energy, mineral processing, rare-earth recovery, battery recycling); connectivity (direct air links, maritime cooperation, IMEC); people-to-people ties.

Key Challenges and Way Forward

Challenges
Geopolitical divergence — Poland's security concerns about Russia versus India's longstanding Moscow ties; European regulatory standards and compliance costs; implementation gap; technology security; environmental safeguards for mining and coal gasification; FTA uncertainty.
Way forward
Measurable targets and annual reviews under the 2024–2028 Joint Action Plan; convert defence dialogue into co-production; improve market access; prioritise viable projects in AI, space, semiconductors and critical minerals; promote cleaner energy and circular-economy solutions.
Key Takeaway: The partnership's value for India lies in Europe-facing diversification — defence co-production, advanced technology and market access via Poland — while the geopolitical divergence on Russia means the relationship has to be built on pragmatic, issue-based cooperation rather than alignment.

Prelims Practice MCQ

+2 correct • −0.66 wrong

Consider the following statements:
1. India and Poland upgraded their relationship to a Strategic Partnership in August 2024 under the Joint Action Plan (2024–2028).
2. Poland is set to join the India-led Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI).
3. Bilateral trade between India and Poland has already reached the 2030 target of about US$12.7 billion.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is incorrect — bilateral trade was US$6.36 billion in 2025; US$12.7 billion is the target for 2030.

UPSC Mains Question

10 Marks • 150 Words

Discuss the significance of the India–Poland Strategic Partnership for India's engagement with Europe and examine the challenges in realising its potential.

Attempt before opening the value-addition tab.
Accepted: JPG, JPEG, PNG, WEBP or PDF. The standalone file previews your answer locally; connect the API hook for real server submission.
Use after attempting the Mains answer
  • State the milestones — ties in 1954, Strategic Partnership August 2024, Joint Action Plan 2024–2028; Tusk's visit 21–23 October 2026.
  • Use the trade figures — US$6.36 billion (2025), US$12.7 billion target (2030), Indian investment over US$3 billion.
  • List the four outcomes — defence dialogue, counter-terrorism dialogue, CDRI membership, trade/innovation (India–EU FTA, Startup Bridge).
  • Name the six challenges — geopolitical divergence, trade barriers, implementation gap, technology security, environment, FTA uncertainty.
  • Link to the 24 September India–EU FTA topic for the trade-agreement context.
NEWS 2 GS3 • Environment and Climate Change Source: The Indian Express

Breach of the 1.5°C Warming Target: UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2026

Context: UNEP warns that breaching the 1.5°C warming threshold is now unavoidable, making rapid emission cuts essential to limit temperature overshoot and return to 1.5°C by 2100.

Basics of the Emissions Gap Report

Publisher & timing
Published by UNEP with the UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre and partners; first published in 2010; released annually ahead of the COP.
What it measures
The gap between projected emissions under countries' pledges and the lower emissions needed to meet the Paris Agreement goals; assesses whether pledges are sufficient.
Key distinction
Emissions gap: shortfall in emission reductions; temperature overshoot: temporarily exceeding a warming threshold before potentially returning below it.

Key Findings of the 2026 Report

Overshoot pathway
A significant overshoot of 1.5°C is no longer considered avoidable; the lowest-overshoot pathway sees warming peak at about 1.7–1.8°C by mid-century, with roughly a 50% chance of returning to 1.5°C or below by 2100.
Required cuts
Relative to 2025 levels: 18% by 2030, 45% by 2035 and 69% by 2040.
Trajectory & emissions
Existing policies could lead to about 2.8°C; full NDC implementation to about 2.6°C; global emissions 58.4 billion tonnes CO₂e in 2025, broadly unchanged from 2024; carbon removal of about 320 Gt CO₂ this century may be needed, with feasibility uncertain.

India-Specific Findings

Emissions
About 4.5 billion tonnes of GHGs in 2025 — world's third-largest emitter; per-capita about 3.1 tonnes versus the global average of 6.4 tonnes; trend little changed in 2025, though estimates vary.
2035 commitments
Updated targets: cut emissions intensity of GDP by 47% from 2005 levels and achieve around 60% non-fossil installed electricity capacity.

Major Concerns and Way Forward

Concerns
Heatwaves, floods, droughts, wildfires and sea-level rise; climate-action gap; climate justice — developing countries face adaptation costs despite lower per-capita and historical emissions; overshoot risks irreversible damage and tipping points.
Way forward
Triple renewable capacity and double the efficiency rate by 2030; just fossil-fuel transition; methane controls; climate finance and technology transfer; credible carbon removal alongside immediate cuts; stronger NDC accountability.
Key Takeaway: The report shifts the goal from avoiding 1.5°C to limiting how far and how long it is overshot — and since the lowest-overshoot path still needs 69% cuts by 2040 plus about 320 Gt of carbon removal, every year of delay raises the reliance on removal technologies of uncertain feasibility.

Prelims Practice MCQ

+2 correct • −0.66 wrong

Consider the following statements:
1. The Emissions Gap Report is published by UNEP and measures the gap between projected emissions under countries' pledges and the emissions needed to meet Paris Agreement goals.
2. Temperature overshoot means permanently exceeding a warming threshold with no possibility of returning below it.
3. India's per-capita emissions were reported as lower than the global average.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect — overshoot means temporarily exceeding a threshold before potentially returning below it.

UPSC Mains Question

10 Marks • 150 Words

Discuss the key findings of the UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2026 and examine their implications for India's climate strategy.

Attempt before opening the value-addition tab.
Accepted: JPG, JPEG, PNG, WEBP or PDF. The standalone file previews your answer locally; connect the API hook for real server submission.
Use after attempting the Mains answer
  • Distinguish the 'emissions gap' (shortfall in reductions) from 'temperature overshoot' (temporary exceedance) — a likely Prelims pair.
  • Memorise the required cuts (18% by 2030, 45% by 2035, 69% by 2040) and trajectories (2.8°C current policies, 2.6°C full NDCs, 1.7–1.8°C peak).
  • Cite the global (58.4 Gt CO₂e) and carbon-removal (~320 Gt) figures.
  • Use India's data — 4.5 bn tonnes, third-largest emitter, 3.1 vs 6.4 tonnes per capita, 2035 targets (47% intensity, ~60% non-fossil).
  • Link to the 27–28 September COP31 topic and the 22 October agrivoltaics topic for mitigation context.
NEWS 3 GS3 • Environment and Climate Change Source: The Indian Express

Nepal Becomes First Beneficiary of Global Loss and Damage Funding

Context: The Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD) provisionally earmarked US$20 million for Nepal following devastating flash floods in August 2026, marking the Fund's first beneficiary allocation.

Nepal's Case: Key Facts

Allocation
US$20 million provisionally earmarked, subject to Nepal's formal application and Board approval; less than 0.5% of the estimated US$5 billion reconstruction cost.
Damage
Losses estimated at US$2.69 billion with at least US$4.71 billion needed for recovery; the newspaper reported more than 1,300 deaths and over 5,000 missing in Rasuwa district.

Loss and Damage: Meaning and Significance

Meaning
Adverse climate impacts that occur despite mitigation and adaptation, including economic losses (homes, roads, agriculture, infrastructure, livelihoods) and non-economic losses (life, cultural heritage, biodiversity, displacement).
Why it matters
Vulnerable developing countries have limited recovery resources despite contributing little to cumulative emissions; the Fund reflects climate justice.

Loss and Damage Fund (FRLD): Funding Status

Establishment
Created at COP27 (Egypt, 2022); operationalised at COP28 (UAE, 2023).
Pledges vs receipts
About US$822.06 million pledged by 27 contributors (15 March 2026); about US$485.77 million received by 31 July 2026 — pledges are commitments, received funds are amounts actually transferred.
Demand gap
By June 2026, 119 countries submitted 176 requests totalling about US$2.8 billion; Nepal's allocation is not money already disbursed.

Major Challenges and Way Forward

Challenges
Inadequate finance; delayed assistance from application and approval procedures; unequal vulnerability of least developed countries; accountability for transparent delivery.
Way forward
Predictable, additional contributions; faster yet accountable access; early-warning systems and resilient reconstruction; monitoring of approvals, disbursements and outcomes; timely support under climate justice.
Key Takeaway: The pledge-versus-receipt-versus-request gap is the real story — US$822 million pledged, US$486 million received, US$2.8 billion requested — so Nepal's US$20 million earmark, itself only provisional, shows how thinly the Fund stretches against actual disaster costs.

Prelims Practice MCQ

+2 correct • −0.66 wrong

Consider the following statements:
1. The Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage was created at COP27 and operationalised at COP28.
2. Nepal's US$20 million allocation represents money already disbursed by the Fund.
3. Pledges to the Fund are commitments, whereas received funds are amounts actually transferred to it.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect — the US$20 million is provisionally earmarked, subject to Nepal's application and Board approval, and is not money already disbursed.

UPSC Mains Question

10 Marks • 150 Words

Discuss the significance and limitations of the Loss and Damage Fund for climate-vulnerable countries, with reference to Nepal's case.

Attempt before opening the value-addition tab.
Accepted: JPG, JPEG, PNG, WEBP or PDF. The standalone file previews your answer locally; connect the API hook for real server submission.
Use after attempting the Mains answer
  • State the Fund's history precisely — COP27 (Egypt, 2022), operationalised at COP28 (UAE, 2023).
  • Use the figures — US$20 million (provisional), US$2.69 billion losses, US$4.71 billion recovery need, US$822.06 million pledged, US$485.77 million received, 119 countries/176 requests/US$2.8 billion.
  • Distinguish pledges, receipts and requests — the funding-gap analysis.
  • Define loss and damage and separate economic from non-economic losses with examples.
  • Link to the 27–28 September COP31 topic on climate finance and adaptation.
NEWS 4 GS3 • Science and Technology — Cybersecurity Source: The Indian Express

PHP2Shell: Critical Vulnerabilities in PHP

Context: Two critical vulnerabilities in PHP prompted precautionary website shutdowns worldwide due to the risk of remote cyberattacks.

Basics

PHP & PHP2Shell
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is an open-source, server-side programming language used for logins, file uploads and online transactions; PHP2Shell is the name for two vulnerabilities that could let attackers execute malicious code on servers remotely.
Scale
PHP powers roughly 70% of websites with an identifiable server-side language, according to the report.

Major Vulnerabilities and Risks

Weaknesses
Memory-handling flaw (improper processing of incomplete information); leftover information (data from one user's request may interfere with another's); remote code execution — malicious requests over the internet without an account or physical access.
Consequences
Theft of login credentials, exposure of personal information, compromised uploaded files and server disruption.

Why Websites Went Offline

Reasons
Vulnerable servers could be taken over remotely; some organisations made precautionary shutdowns when immediate patching was impossible; legacy systems may not support updates; shared hosting limits small owners' control.

AI and Cybersecurity

Dual use
Defensive: AI helped researchers find and investigate vulnerabilities faster; offensive: attackers can use AI to discover weaknesses and speed exploit development, shrinking the time to secure systems.

Way Forward

Measures
Patch and verify fixes; audit affected PHP versions and third-party devices; access controls, network segmentation, monitoring and backups; replace unsupported software; AI for defensive testing and coordinated vulnerability disclosure.
Key Takeaway: The key point is that the flaws allow remote code execution without needing an account — which is why even small, shared-hosting websites were exposed and why precautionary shutdowns were chosen over leaving unpatched servers online.

Prelims Practice MCQ

+2 correct • −0.66 wrong

Consider the following statements:
1. PHP is an open-source, server-side programming language used to run website functions such as logins and file uploads.
2. The PHP2Shell vulnerabilities could allow remote code execution only when an attacker has physical access to the server.
3. AI tools can be used both defensively and offensively in discovering software vulnerabilities.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation: Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect — attackers may send malicious requests over the internet without needing an account or physical access.

UPSC Mains Question

10 Marks • 150 Words

Discuss the risks posed by critical software vulnerabilities such as PHP2Shell and suggest measures to improve cyber resilience.

Attempt before opening the value-addition tab.
Accepted: JPG, JPEG, PNG, WEBP or PDF. The standalone file previews your answer locally; connect the API hook for real server submission.
Use after attempting the Mains answer
  • Define PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor, open-source, server-side) and PHP2Shell (two vulnerabilities enabling remote code execution).
  • State the scale (~70% of websites with an identifiable server-side language, as reported).
  • List the vulnerability types — memory handling, leftover information, remote code execution — and the consequences.
  • Explain why sites went offline — immediate threat, precautionary shutdowns, legacy systems, shared hosting.
  • Link to the 18–19 October rogue-AI-agents topic for the AI-and-cybersecurity theme.
NEWS 5 GS3 • Indian Economy and Taxation Source: The Indian Express

GST Process Reforms: Phased Implementation from November 2026

Context: The 57th GST Council meeting recommended reforms to simplify registration, improve return filing, accelerate refunds and reduce unnecessary litigation.

Simplified Registration; Returns and ITC Reconciliation

Registration
Simplified for eligible small sellers supplying through e-commerce operators in States/UTs where they have no physical presence; eligibility needs monthly ITC transfer not exceeding ₹2.5 lakh.
Returns & IMS
Better coordination between GSTR-1, GSTR-1A, IFF and GSTR-3B; the Invoice Management System (IMS) lets recipients accept, reject or keep invoices pending for ITC; revised return mechanism proposed from 1 April 2027.

Faster Refunds and Reduced Litigation

Refunds
Automated cash-ledger refunds; acknowledgement period proposed to fall from 15 to 10 days; risk-based provisional refunds of up to 90% for eligible zero-rated and inverted-duty claims.
Litigation
Show-cause notice minimum tax threshold ₹10,000; general penalty from ₹25,000 to ₹10,000; prosecution threshold from ₹1 crore to ₹5 crore; changes needing statutory amendments take effect only after the legal process.

Implementation Timeline

Phases
1 November 2026: first phase of administrative reforms (subject to notifications); November 2026: stakeholder consultation on return changes; 1 April 2027: proposed revised return mechanism; statutory changes depend on legislative amendments.

Significance, Challenges and Way Forward

Significance
Ease of doing business; working-capital relief from faster refunds; fewer errors and notices; trust-based taxation with proportionate penalties.
Challenges & way forward
Preventing fake registrations and fraudulent ITC; supporting small taxpayers; coordinating portal and legal changes; balancing refunds with revenue protection — phased rollout, testing before launch, risk-based scrutiny and monitoring of refund timelines and litigation.
Key Takeaway: The reforms are staged rather than immediate — only administrative changes start on 1 November 2026, while the revised return mechanism (1 April 2027) and any penalty or prosecution threshold changes wait for consultation and statutory amendments.

Prelims Practice MCQ

+2 correct • −0.66 wrong

Consider the following statements:
1. Under the proposed reforms, risk-based provisional refunds of up to 90% are envisaged for eligible zero-rated supplies and inverted-duty-structure claims.
2. The Invoice Management System allows recipients to accept, reject or keep invoices pending for input tax credit purposes.
3. All the recommended GST reforms, including changes in penalties and prosecution thresholds, took effect on 1 November 2026 without further legal process.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is incorrect — measures requiring statutory amendments take effect only after the necessary legal process; 1 November 2026 is the first phase of administrative reforms.

UPSC Mains Question

10 Marks • 150 Words

Discuss the key process reforms recommended by the 57th GST Council meeting and examine their significance and implementation challenges.

Attempt before opening the value-addition tab.
Accepted: JPG, JPEG, PNG, WEBP or PDF. The standalone file previews your answer locally; connect the API hook for real server submission.
Use after attempting the Mains answer
  • State the four reform clusters — registration, returns/ITC reconciliation (IMS), refunds, litigation reduction.
  • Memorise the numbers — ₹2.5 lakh ITC limit, 15→10 days acknowledgement, 90% provisional refunds, ₹10,000 notice threshold, ₹25,000→₹10,000 penalty, ₹1 crore→₹5 crore prosecution.
  • Note the timeline — 1 November 2026 (first administrative phase), November consultation, 1 April 2027 (returns).
  • List the four challenges — fraud prevention, small-taxpayer support, portal/legal coordination, refunds vs revenue.
  • Link to the 9 October topic on the 57th GST Council meeting for the original recommendations.
NEWS 6 GS3 • Environment and Biodiversity Source: The Indian Express

Udanti–Sitanadi Tiger Reserve: Saving Over 500 Girdled Trees

Context: The Chhattisgarh Forest Department is seeking expert assistance to save over 500 recently girdled trees in Udanti–Sitanadi Tiger Reserve, allegedly damaged to facilitate forest encroachment.

Basics of Udanti–Sitanadi Tiger Reserve

Location & notification
Gariaband district, Chhattisgarh; notified as a tiger reserve in 2009; named after the Udanti and Sitanadi rivers.
Area
1,842.54 sq. km, comprising 851.09 sq. km core and 991.45 sq. km buffer.
Wildlife & State context
Habitat for tigers and the endangered Asiatic wild buffalo; Chhattisgarh has four tiger reserves — Udanti–Sitanadi, Indravati, Achanakmar and Guru Ghasidas–Tamor Pingla.

Tree Damage and Scientific Intervention

Girdling
Removal of a strip of bark disrupts nutrient transport and can eventually kill a tree; around 2,500 trees (Sal, Bija, Tendu) were reportedly girdled, with over 500 freshly damaged and more likely to recover.
Intervention & monitoring
Bridge grafting — experts assess grafting healthy tissue across the damaged section; drone surveys and satellite imagery assess forest loss and possible encroachment.

Challenges and Way Forward

Challenges
Forest encroachment, low success of earlier grafting attempts and limited specialised expertise.
Way forward
Identify viable trees and monitor recovery; integrate traditional ecological knowledge with science; improve surveillance and enforcement of forest protection laws.
Key Takeaway: The distinction between 'over 500 freshly girdled' and 'around 2,500 girdled' matters scientifically — fresher damage has a better chance of recovery through bridge grafting, which is why the Forest Department is prioritising expert help for the recent cases.

Prelims Practice MCQ

+2 correct • −0.66 wrong

Consider the following statements:
1. Udanti–Sitanadi Tiger Reserve is located in Gariaband district of Chhattisgarh and was notified as a tiger reserve in 2009.
2. Girdling a tree involves removing a strip of bark, which disrupts nutrient transport.
3. Chhattisgarh has only one tiger reserve.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is incorrect — Chhattisgarh has four tiger reserves: Udanti–Sitanadi, Indravati, Achanakmar and Guru Ghasidas–Tamor Pingla.

UPSC Mains Question

10 Marks • 150 Words

Discuss the threats posed by forest encroachment to tiger reserves and the scientific and community-based measures needed for forest restoration.

Attempt before opening the value-addition tab.
Accepted: JPG, JPEG, PNG, WEBP or PDF. The standalone file previews your answer locally; connect the API hook for real server submission.
Use after attempting the Mains answer
  • State the reserve facts — Gariaband (Chhattisgarh), 2009, 1,842.54 sq. km (851.09 core + 991.45 buffer), named after the Udanti and Sitanadi rivers.
  • Name Chhattisgarh's four tiger reserves and the Asiatic wild buffalo as the key species link.
  • Define girdling and bridge grafting, and the ~2,500 vs 500+ tree figures.
  • Note the monitoring tools — drone surveys and satellite imagery.
  • Link to the 15 October Balda Hills topic for the recurring forest-habitat-pressure theme.
NEWS 7 GS2 • Issues Related to Poverty and Hunger; GS3 • Food Security Source: National Herald

Global Hunger Index 2026: India Ranks 100th

Context: India shares the 100th position with Ethiopia in the 2026 Global Hunger Index (GHI), scoring 24.1 and facing persistent child malnutrition.

Key Findings

Rank & score
100th position with a GHI score of 24.1, indicating a serious level of hunger.
Child nutrition
19% of children under five suffer from wasting (low weight for height); 29.3% suffer from stunting (impaired growth from chronic undernutrition).
Regional comparison
Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka perform better than India; Pakistan and Afghanistan have higher hunger scores.

About the Global Hunger Index

Publishers & purpose
Published by Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe; measures and tracks hunger and undernutrition across countries.
Four indicators
Undernourishment; child wasting; child stunting; under-five child mortality.

Reasons for India's Hunger Challenges

Factors
Nutritional deficiencies (limited access to diverse, nutritious food); poverty and inequality in access to food, healthcare and sanitation; maternal and child health (poor maternal nutrition, infant-feeding practices); programme implementation gaps.

Government Measures and Way Forward

Schemes
POSHAN Abhiyaan (children, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women); PM POSHAN (cooked meals for schoolchildren); National Food Security Act, 2013 (subsidised foodgrains to eligible households).
Way forward
Strengthen nutrition services, dietary diversity, maternal healthcare, sanitation and monitoring of nutrition outcomes.
Key Takeaway: The GHI combines four indicators, and India's score is driven largely by child nutrition — 19% wasting and 29.3% stunting — which is why the Way Forward focuses on maternal health, dietary diversity and sanitation rather than foodgrain availability alone.

Prelims Practice MCQ

+2 correct • −0.66 wrong

Consider the following statements:
1. The Global Hunger Index is published by Concern Worldwide and Welthungerhilfe.
2. Child wasting, child stunting, undernourishment and under-five child mortality are the four indicators used to calculate the GHI.
3. India's 2026 GHI score of 24.1 indicates a low level of hunger.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation: Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is incorrect — a score of 24.1 indicates a serious level of hunger, not a low level.

UPSC Mains Question

10 Marks • 150 Words

Discuss the reasons for India's persistent hunger and child-malnutrition challenges as reflected in the Global Hunger Index 2026, and suggest measures to address them.

Attempt before opening the value-addition tab.
Accepted: JPG, JPEG, PNG, WEBP or PDF. The standalone file previews your answer locally; connect the API hook for real server submission.
Use after attempting the Mains answer
  • State the result precisely — rank 100 (shared with Ethiopia), score 24.1, 'serious' level.
  • Cite child-nutrition data — wasting 19%, stunting 29.3% — and define each term.
  • Name the publishers (Concern Worldwide, Welthungerhilfe) and the four GHI indicators.
  • List the four reasons — nutritional deficiencies, poverty/inequality, maternal-child health, implementation gaps.
  • Name POSHAN Abhiyaan, PM POSHAN and NFSA 2013 with their coverage groups.

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