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Forest Carbon Sink

  • A forest carbon sink refers to forests’ ability to absorb and store more carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere than they release, thereby helping mitigate climate change.
  • Forests act as natural carbon sinks by sequestering carbon in biomass (trees, roots, leaves), dead organic matter, and forest soils.
  • Mechanism
    • Through photosynthesis, trees absorb CO₂ and convert it into organic carbon.
    • Carbon is stored in:
      • Above-ground biomass (trunks, branches, leaves)
      • Below-ground biomass (roots)
      • Forest litter and deadwood
      • Soil organic carbon
    • Disturbances like deforestation, forest fires, or degradation can turn forests into carbon sources instead of sinks.
  • Types of forest carbon sinks
    • Natural forests: Old-growth and primary forests with long-term carbon storage capacity.
    • Plantation forests: Fast-growing species that absorb carbon rapidly but may store less carbon over the long term.
    • Agroforestry systems: Combine trees with crops or livestock, contributing to carbon sequestration.
  • Global and national relevance
    • Forests absorb roughly one-third of global anthropogenic CO₂ emissions annually.
    • Under the Paris Agreement, countries use forest carbon sinks as part of their climate mitigation strategies.
    • India’s NDC target includes creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5–3 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent through increased forest and tree cover.
  • Policy and governance in India
    • Linked to the National Forest Policy, Green India Mission, CAMPA, and afforestation programmes.
    • Forest carbon accounting is reported under India’s Biennial Update Reports (BURs) and National Communications to the UNFCCC.
    • Monitoring uses satellite data, forest inventories, and carbon stock assessments.
  • Importance
    • Helps slow global warming and stabilise climate systems.
    • Supports biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services.
    • Enhances soil fertility, water regulation, and livelihood opportunities for forest-dependent communities.
  • Challenges
    • Deforestation, forest degradation, and land-use change.
    • Climate-induced stresses such as droughts, pests, and forest fires.
    • Difficulties in accurate measurement, reporting, and verification of carbon stocks.
  • Way forward
    • Protect existing natural forests and prevent degradation.
    • Promote native-species afforestation and ecological restoration.
    • Integrate forest carbon goals with community participation and sustainable forest management.

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