Context: Abraham Accords
Pakistan opposed joining the Abraham Accords amid renewed U.S. efforts to expand Israel–Arab normalisation.
Abraham Accords, 2020
- U.S.-brokered normalisation agreements between Israel and Arab nations.
- Focus: diplomatic, economic and security ties.
Members:
- UAE
- Bahrain
- Morocco
- Sudan
Importance
- Marked shift from traditional Arab policy of “No recognition without Palestinian statehood”.
- Strengthened Israel–Gulf strategic cooperation, especially against Iran.
Arab Peace Initiative, 2002 — UPSC PYQ
- Proposed by Saudi Arabia.
- Adopted by Arab League.
Offered full Arab recognition of Israel if:
- Israel withdraws from occupied territories based on 1967 borders.
- Israel accepts Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as capital.
- Refugee issue is resolved.



