Concept
Members of the Rajya Sabha Election are indirectly elected by the elected members of State Legislative Assemblies and certain Union Territory legislatures. It reflects the principle of federal representation, where states participate in the Union legislature.
Constitutional Basis
- Article 80: Composition of the Rajya Sabha
- Representation of the People Act, 1951: Governs election procedures
- Conducted under the supervision of the Election Commission of India
Composition
- Maximum strength: 250 members
- 238 elected from States and Union Territories
- 12 nominated by the President (for expertise in art, literature, science, and social service)
Electoral Method
Elections are held using the system of:
Proportional Representation by Single Transferable Vote (STV)
- Ensures representation of different political parties in proportion to their strength in the Assembly
- MLAs cast preferential votes (ranking candidates)
Voting System
- Open ballot system
- MLAs must show their marked ballot to their party’s authorised agent
- Ensures party discipline and prevents cross-voting
- Independent MLAs are not bound to show their vote
Election Process
- Conducted when vacancies arise due to retirement or resignation
- One-third of members retire every two years
- Members serve a six-year term
Allocation of Seats
- Seats are allocated to states based on population
- Larger states have more representatives
Qualification of Candidates
- Must be a citizen of India
- Minimum age: 30 years
- Must fulfil other qualifications under election laws
Key Features
- Indirect election ensures representation of states rather than individuals directly
- Uses proportional representation, unlike Lok Sabha elections
- Permanent House, not subject to dissolution
Significance
- Strengthens federal structure by representing states
- Provides a forum for experienced and specialised individuals
- Acts as a revising chamber, reviewing legislation passed by Lok Sabha
Issues and Concerns
- Possibility of cross-voting and political bargaining
- Role of money power in some elections
- Debate over domicile requirement (removed earlier, allowing candidates from any state)
Conclusion
Rajya Sabha elections are a unique feature of India’s parliamentary system, combining indirect election with proportional representation to ensure balanced political and federal representation in the legislature.
