18 June 2026 | Daily Current Affairs

Children Social Media Regulation: Rules and Digital Safety

Context: Children social media regulation
The article discusses the growing debate around children’s social media use and argues that, just like real life, children need clear rules, supervision and safeguards in the digital world.

Why This Issue Matters

Children today are exposed to social media at an early age. This affects:

  • Socialisation
  • Attention span
  • Mental health
  • Family relationships
  • Peer pressure
  • Digital safety
  • Exposure to harmful content

Key Concern

The main concern is not only screen time but the nature of online engagement.

Children may face:

  • Addictive platform design
  • Cyberbullying
  • Body-image pressure
  • Online predators
  • Misinformation
  • Privacy risks
  • Algorithm-driven harmful content

Blanket Ban vs Regulation

Argument for Restrictions

  • Protects children from online harm.
  • Reduces excessive screen dependence.
  • Limits exposure to harmful content.
  • Helps parents enforce discipline.
  • Recognises that children may not have full emotional maturity to handle social media pressure.

Concern with Blanket Ban

  • May restrict digital literacy.
  • May push children to hidden or fake accounts.
  • May reduce access to educational and creative opportunities.
  • Enforcement is difficult.
  • Social media is also a space for peer learning, expression and community.

Balanced Way Forward

1. Age-Graded Regulation

Different rules can apply for different age groups, such as:

  • Below 12 years
  • 12–16 years
  • 16–18 years

2. Parental Supervision

Parents should guide children’s social media use through:

  • Time limits
  • Content rules
  • Open conversations
  • Digital boundaries

3. Platform Accountability

Social media platforms should ensure:

  • Strong age verification
  • Child-safe default settings
  • Transparent algorithms
  • Easy reporting mechanisms
  • Limits on addictive design

4. Digital Literacy

Children should be taught:

  • Online safety
  • Privacy protection
  • Fact-checking
  • Responsible posting
  • How to handle cyberbullying

5. School and Community Role

Schools can include digital citizenship as part of education.

This can help children understand:

  • Healthy online behaviour
  • Digital footprints
  • Emotional impact of social media
  • Responsible technology use

Mains Keywords

  • Digital childhood
  • Child rights
  • Socialisation
  • Platform accountability
  • Digital literacy
  • Online safety
  • Mental health
  • Family as first regulator

Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-daro: Heritage Debate Explained

Context: Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-daro
The Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-daro has reignited debate on the interpretation of archaeological artefacts, their representation in educational material, and the question of shared India–Pakistan ownership of Indus Valley Civilization heritage.

The debate shows how modern nations engage with a civilisation that existed long before present-day political boundaries.

Dancing Girl

Discovered

  • 1926

Site

  • Mohenjo-daro, present-day Pakistan

Material

  • Bronze

Height

  • Around 10.5 cm

Technique

  • Lost-Wax Casting Technique

Significance

The Dancing Girl is considered one of the finest examples of:

  • Harappan metallurgy
  • Artistic excellence
  • Bronze casting
  • Urban cultural sophistication

Lost-Wax Casting Technique

Lost-Wax Casting is a metal-casting technique in which a wax model is first made, covered with clay, heated so the wax melts out, and then molten metal is poured into the cavity.

It shows that Harappans had advanced knowledge of:

  • Metallurgy
  • Craft specialisation
  • Artistic design
  • Technical precision

India–Pakistan Heritage Dimension

  • Most major Harappan sites, including Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, lie in present-day Pakistan.
  • The Dancing Girl is housed in India.
  • The Priest-King sculpture is housed in Pakistan.
  • This raises the question of whether the Indus Valley Civilization should be seen as the heritage of one country or as a shared civilisational heritage of South Asia.

Important Indus Valley Sites

Pakistan

Mohenjo-daro

  • Great Bath
  • Dancing Girl

Harappa

  • Granary
  • Cemetery R-37

Chanhu-daro

  • Bead-making centre

Kot Diji

  • Pre-Harappan fortification

India

Dholavira, Gujarat

  • Water management system
  • Signboard

Lothal, Gujarat

  • Dockyard

Kalibangan, Rajasthan

  • Ploughed field

Rakhigarhi, Haryana

  • Largest Harappan site in India

Banawali, Haryana

  • Fortified town planning

Surkotada, Gujarat

  • Horse remains

Ropar, Punjab

  • Sutlej settlement

Alamgirpur, Uttar Pradesh

  • Easternmost Harappan site

PYQ Fact

The famous female figurine known as the Dancing Girl, found at Mohenjo-daro, is made of bronze.

India Slovakia Comprehensive Partnership and Key Outcomes

Context: India Slovakia comprehensive partnership
Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid the first-ever visit by an Indian Prime Minister to Slovakia since its independence in 1993. During the visit, he was conferred Slovakia’s highest state honour, “Order of the White Double Cross, First Class.”

India and Slovakia elevated their ties to a Comprehensive Partnership.

India–Slovakia Relations

  • Diplomatic relations were established in 1993.
  • Slovakia supports India’s permanent membership in a reformed United Nations Security Council.
  • Cooperation exists in trade, defence, digital technology, Artificial Intelligence, semiconductors, education, mobility and clean energy.
  • Slovakia is a major automobile and advanced manufacturing hub in Central Europe.

Major Outcomes of the Visit

1. Strategic and Security Cooperation

  • Bilateral ties upgraded to Comprehensive Partnership.
  • Letter of Intent on Defence Cooperation.
  • Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism established.
  • Cooperation in cybersecurity, critical infrastructure protection and post-quantum cryptography.

2. Technology and Innovation

  • MoU on Digital Technologies.
  • Cooperation in:
    • Artificial Intelligence
    • Semiconductors
    • 5G / 6G
    • Internet of Things
    • Space
    • Startups
  • Establishment of the first ICCR Chair in Artificial Intelligence at Technical University of Kosice.

3. Economy, Trade and Connectivity

  • Support for early implementation of India–EU Free Trade Agreement.
  • Focus on:
    • Automotive sector
    • Electronics
    • Advanced manufacturing
  • Cooperation in:
    • Supply chains
    • Investment
    • Industrial innovation

4. Education, Mobility and Culture

  • MoU on Higher Education and Research.
  • Labour Migration MoU.
  • Move towards a Social Security Agreement.
  • MoU on Audio-Visual Creation.
  • Enhanced people-to-people exchanges.

5. Green and Emerging Sectors

Cooperation in:

  • Clean energy
  • Net-zero technologies
  • Nuclear energy
  • Geothermal energy
  • Water management
  • Healthcare
  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Scientific research

Prelims / State PCS Facts

Capital

  • Bratislava

Currency

  • Euro

Independence

  • 1993

Separated From

  • Czechoslovakia

Membership

RBI Surplus Transfer FY26 and Fiscal Policy Debate

Context: RBI surplus transfer FY26
The Reserve Bank of India transferred a record ₹2.87 lakh crore surplus to the Union Government for FY26. This triggered debate on RBI’s growing fiscal significance, fiscal federalism and central bank independence.

RBI Surplus Transfer

RBI surplus transfer means the RBI’s excess profit is transferred to the Union Government after maintaining reserves and risk buffers.

Legal Basis

Section 47, RBI Act, 1934

  • Provides for transfer of RBI surplus profits to the Central Government after making necessary provisions.

Economic Capital Framework

Based on

  • Bimal Jalan Committee, 2019

Purpose

The Economic Capital Framework decides how much capital RBI should retain against future risks.

The remaining profit is transferred to the Government.

Why Was FY26 Surplus Unusually High?

  • Higher earnings from foreign exchange reserves.
  • Gains from foreign exchange interventions.
  • Gains from reserve rebalancing.
  • Higher interest income from government securities.

Core Issues Raised

1. RBI’s Monetary Role vs Fiscal Role

RBI’s core mandate includes:

  • Inflation control
  • Monetary policy
  • Financial stability
  • Currency management
  • Forex reserve management

However, record surplus transfers are making RBI an increasingly important source of fiscal resources for the Centre.

2. Fiscal Federalism Concern

RBI surplus is non-tax revenue.

It is not part of the divisible pool shared with States.

States also face borrowing constraints under Article 293, where Centre’s consent is required in certain cases.

This creates concerns of growing fiscal centralisation.

3. Central Bank Independence

A central bank should take decisions based on:

  • Inflation
  • Financial stability
  • Economic conditions

It should not be driven by government financing requirements.

The concern is not that RBI has lost independence, but that growing reliance on RBI profits could blur the line between RBI’s monetary objectives and the Centre’s fiscal needs.

PYQ Link

RBI is responsible for maintaining price stability by controlling inflation.

RBI also regulates commercial banks in matters such as:

  • Liquidity of assets
  • Branch expansion
  • Merger of banks
  • Winding-up of banks

Rare Earth Elements from Fly Ash: India’s First Project

Context: Rare earth elements from fly ash
NLC India Ltd., Neyveli, Tamil Nadu, in collaboration with BARC, is planning India’s first project to extract Rare Earth Elements from fly ash generated by lignite-based thermal power plants.

The project aims to create a domestic source of strategic minerals, reduce import dependence and utilise industrial waste productively.

Rare Earth Elements

Rare Earth Elements are a group of 17 elements.

They include:

  • 15 Lanthanides
  • Scandium
  • Yttrium

Uses of Rare Earth Elements

Rare Earth Elements are critical for:

REEs Identified in Neyveli Fly Ash

  • Neodymium
  • Praseodymium
  • Europium
  • Cerium
  • Lanthanum
  • Samarium
  • Gadolinium
  • Lutetium

Fly Ash

Fly ash is fine ash produced during coal or lignite combustion in thermal power plants.

Common Uses of Fly Ash

  • Bricks
  • Cement
  • Concrete
  • Road construction
  • Embankment construction

What Is the News About?

The core idea is that India wants to recover valuable rare earth elements from fly ash, which was earlier treated largely as a waste product.

Why Is It Important?

1. Critical Mineral Security

It reduces dependence on imported rare earths, particularly from China.

2. Circular Economy

It converts industrial waste into a valuable economic resource.

3. Clean Energy Transition

It supports domestic manufacturing of:

  • Electric Vehicles
  • Wind turbines
  • Advanced electronics

4. Environmental Benefit

It helps utilise large quantities of fly ash generated by thermal power plants.

PYQ Facts

  • Rare Earth Elements are a group of 17 elements, not 13.
  • Some Rare Earth Elements are used in flat television screens and computer monitors because of their phosphorescent properties.
  • Fly ash can be used in bricks and as a partial replacement for Portland cement.
  • Fly ash may contain toxic elements, so it is not only silicon dioxide and calcium oxide.

Mombasa Declaration Against IUU Fishing Explained

Context: Mombasa Declaration against IUU Fishing
The Mombasa Declaration was adopted by 15 countries at the Our Ocean Conference 2026 in Mombasa, Kenya, to strengthen global action against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing.

India is not a signatory.

Objective

The declaration aims to enhance transparency in:

  • Fishing vessel ownership
  • Licensing
  • Tracking
  • International information-sharing

Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing

IUU Fishing means:

Illegal Fishing

  • Fishing in violation of national or international laws.

Unreported Fishing

  • Fishing activities that are not reported or are misreported.

Unregulated Fishing

  • Fishing in areas or by vessels where there are no adequate conservation or management measures.

Why It Matters

IUU Fishing harms:

  • Marine biodiversity
  • Fish stocks
  • Coastal livelihoods
  • Food security
  • Blue economy
  • Marine governance

It contributes to the need for stronger implementation of SDG 14: Life Below Water.

Prelims Facts

Mombasa

  • Major port city of Kenya on the Indian Ocean.

FAO Port State Measures Agreement, 2009

  • First legally binding treaty against IUU Fishing.
  • India is a party.

Mombasa Declaration vs PSMA

Mombasa Declaration

  • Voluntary political commitment.
  • Focuses on transparency, vessel data and information-sharing.

Port State Measures Agreement, 2009

  • Legally binding treaty.
  • Focuses on port inspections, denial of port entry and enforcement against illegally caught fish.
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